Background: Information on dietary intake provides some of the most valuable insights for mounting intervention programmes for the prevention of chronic diseases. With the growing concern about ...adolescent overweight, the need to accurately measure diet becomes imperative. Assessment among adolescents is problematic as this group has irregular eating patterns and they have less enthusiasm for recording food intake. Subjects/Methods: We used qualitative and quantitative techniques among adolescents to assess their preferences for dietary assessment methods. Results: Dietary assessment methods using technology, for example, a personal digital assistant (PDA) or a disposable camera, were preferred over the pen and paper food record. Conclusions: There was a strong preference for using methods that incorporate technology such as capturing images of food. This suggests that for adolescents, dietary methods that incorporate technology may improve cooperation and accuracy. Current computing technology includes higher resolution images, improved memory capacity and faster processors that allow small mobile devices to process information not previously possible. Our goal is to develop, implement and evaluate a mobile device (for example, PDA, mobile phone) food record that will translate to an accurate account of daily food and nutrient intake among adolescents. This mobile computing device will include digital images, a nutrient database and image analysis for identification and quantification of food consumption. Mobile computing devices provide a unique vehicle for collecting dietary information that reduces the burden on record keepers. Images of food can be marked with a variety of input methods that link the item for image processing and analysis to estimate the amount of food. Images before and after the foods are eaten can estimate the amount of food consumed. The initial stages and potential of this project will be described.
The shark-like rays (Rhinopristiformes) are among the most threatened species of cartilaginous fishes. The guitarfishes (Rhinobatidae) are one of 5 families in the order, with 62% of species assessed ...as Vulnerable or higher by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Species-specific fisheries and conservation efforts have been limited, however, due to unresolved taxonomic issues and poor species descriptions. Presently, there are 3 described species of
Rhinobatos
from the southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO):
R. austini
,
R. holcorhynchus
, and
R. nudidorsalis
. These 3 species have been mistaken for one another and are assessed as Data Deficient by the IUCN. Since the descriptions of
R. austini
and
R. nudidorsalis
, additional specimens have become available and a rediagnosis of these 3 species is required to clarify their taxonomic status. In the present study, morphometrics from 4 additional congener Indian Ocean species of
Rhinobatos
assessed by the IUCN were analyzed and serve as comparative material. In addition to a traditional morphological analysis, morphometrics from all 7 species were analyzed using a principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Results show distinct clusters for the SWIO
Rhinobatos
and indicate the nasal region is effective in differentiating species.
R. austini
,
R. holcorhynchus
, and
R. nudidorsalis
are confirmed as distinct species and are rediagnosed based on new material. These rediagnoses provide taxonomic clarity for SWIO
Rhinobatos
and will aid in species-specific identification, leading to improvements in conservation and fisheries monitoring and management.
Eight Bathyraja skate species, Bathyraja aleutica, Bathyraja interrupta, Bathyraja lindbergi, Bathyraja maculata, Bathyraja minispinosa, Bathyraja parmifera, Bathyraja taranetzi and Bathyraja ...trachura, collected along the eastern Bering Sea continental slope were examined for reproductive features. The sex ratio for six of eight Bathyraja skate species studied was c. 1 : 1 with males dominating for B. interrupta and B. parmifera. Five of eight species examined, B. aleutica, B. lindbergi, B. parmifera, B. taranetzi and B. trachura approximately equalled or exceeded the maximum reported total length, LT. Maximum LT for three species (B. interrupta, B. minispinosa and B. parmifera) revealed that the largest individuals were males and that in three other species (B. lindbergi, B. maculata and B. trachura) both females and males grew to approximately the same size. Both females and males matured at approximately the same LT for seven of eight species. Only female B. aleutica matured at a much larger size than males. All species matured within a narrow size range following a protracted juvenile stage and once mature these skates appeared to grow very little. First maturity for all species occurred at ≥80% of their maximum LT. The number of oocytes did not significantly differ between the left and right ovary for any species. The total number of mature oocytes increased with LT for six of eight species examined. The number of oocytes for one species, B. aleutica, increased in number until 145 cm LT, then declined in those individuals greater in length. The egg cases of all species are described, of which four (B. lindbergi, B. parmifera, B. taranetzi and B. trachura) have never been previously reported. Evidence is presented that suggest skates may be limited to as little as one and as many as 13 spawning seasons, depending on the species, and that senescence may occur in older individuals.
The large size, high trophic level and wide distribution of Hexanchiformes (cow and frilled sharks) should position this order as important apex predators in coastal and deep‐water ecosystems. This ...review synthesizes available information on Hexanchiformes, including information not yet published, with the purpose of evaluating their conservation status and assessing their ecological roles in the dynamics of marine ecosystems. Comprising six species, this group has a wide global distribution, with members occurring from shallow coastal areas to depths of c. 2500 m. The limited information available on their reproductive biology suggests that they could be vulnerable to overexploitation (e.g. small litter sizes for most species and suspected long gestation periods). Most of the fishing pressure exerted on Hexanchiformes is in the form of commercial by‐catch or recreational fishing. Comprehensive stock and impact assessments are unavailable for most species in most regions due to limited information on life history and catch and abundance time series. When hexanchiform species have been commercially harvested, however, they have been unable to sustain targeted fisheries for long periods. The potentially high vulnerability to intense fishing pressure warrants a conservative exploitation of this order until thorough quantitative assessments are conducted. At least some species have been shown to be significant apex predators in the systems they inhabit. Should Hexanchiformes be removed from coastal and deep‐water systems, the lack of sympatric shark species that share the same resources suggests no other species would be capable of fulfilling their apex predator role in the short term. This has potential ecosystem consequences such as meso‐predator release or trophic cascades. This review proposes some hypotheses on the ecology of Hexanchiformes and their role in ecosystem dynamics, highlighting the areas where critical information is required to stimulate research directions.
Upward‐moving energetic electrons with energies of 1 MeV and above were observed over the entire Jovian polar region. The electrons were found to be associated with intense broadband whistler mode ...waves, similar to terrestrial whistler mode auroral hiss. Upward‐propagating whistler mode hiss at Earth is known to be generated by upward‐moving, magnetic field‐aligned electron beams (from electric field‐aligned potentials), by a beam‐plasma instability at the Landau resonance. Assuming this process at Jupiter, we present a linear stability analysis, showing the electron distribution functions (based on inverted‐V observations made by the Juno Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment, JADE‐E, instrument) are unstable. The polarization of the modeled waves is consistent with whistler mode hiss (right‐hand circularly polarized). From the results of the linear stability analysis, we find that the calculated growth rates are sufficient to produce the observed whistler mode waves.
Key Points
Upgoing electron beams can generate upward‐propagating whistler mode waves over the Jovian polar cap region
Numerical simulations show the electron beams are unstable and capable of producing the observed whistler mode waves
Large growth rates are found for Landau (n = 0) resonance
We compare Chandra and XMM‐Newton X‐ray observations of Jupiter during 2007 with a rich multi‐instrument data set including upstream in situ solar wind measurements from the New Horizons spacecraft, ...radio emissions from the Nançay Decametric Array and Wind/Waves, and ultraviolet (UV) observations from the Hubble Space Telescope. New Horizons data revealed two corotating interaction regions (CIRs) impacted Jupiter during these observations. Non‐Io decametric bursts and UV emissions brightened together and varied in phase with the CIRs. We characterize three types of X‐ray aurorae: hard X‐ray bremsstrahlung main emission, pulsed/flared soft X‐ray emissions, and a newly identified dim flickering (varying on short time scales, but quasi‐continuously present) aurora. For most observations, the X‐ray aurorae were dominated by pulsed/flaring emissions, with ion spectral lines that were best fit by iogenic plasma. However, the brightest X‐ray aurora was coincident with a magnetosphere expansion. For this observation, the aurorae were produced by both flickering emission and erratic pulses/flares. Auroral spectral models for this observation required the addition of solar wind ions to attain good fits, suggesting solar wind entry into the outer magnetosphere or directly into the pole for this particularly bright observation. X‐ray bremsstrahlung from high energy electrons was only bright for one observation, which was during a forward shock. This bremsstrahlung was spatially coincident with bright UV main emission (power > 1 TW) and X‐ray ion spectral line dusk emission, suggesting closening of upward and downward current systems during the shock. Otherwise, the bremsstrahlung was dim, and UV main emission power was also lower (<700 GW), suggesting their power scaled together.
Key Points
We characterize three types of X‐ray aurorae (main oval, ir/regular pulses, and flickering aurorae) and compare with radio, UV, and solar wind data
Non‐Io decametric bursts occurred with UV auroral brightening, and UV and hard X‐ray main auroral emission also brightened contemporaneously
Soft X‐ray aurora was best fit by iogenic (S, O) spectral lines except during magnetospheric expansion when solar wind ion lines were needed
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION
Which essential items should be recorded before, during and after endometriosis surgery and in clinical outcome based surgical trials in patients with deep endometriosis (DE)?
...SUMMARY ANSWER
A DE surgical sheet (DESS) was developed for standardized reporting of the surgical treatment of DE and an international expert consensus proposal on relevant items that should be recorded in surgical outcome trials in women with DE.
WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Surgery is an important treatment for symptomatic DE. So far, data have been reported in such a way that comparison of different surgical techniques is impossible. Therefore, we present an international expert proposal for standardized reporting of surgical treatment and surgical outcome trials in women with DE.
STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
International expert consensus based on a systematic review of literature.
PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
Taking into account recommendations from Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT), the Innovation Development Exploration Assessment and Long-term Study (IDEAL), the Initiative on Methods, Measurement and Pain Assessment in Clinical trials (IMMPACT) and the World Endometriosis Research Foundation Phenome and Biobanking Harmonisation Project (WERF EPHect), a systematic literature review on surgical treatment of DE was performed and resulted in a proposal for standardized reporting, adapted by contributions from eight members of the multidisciplinary Leuven University Hospitals Endometriosis Care Program, from 18 international experts and from audience feedback during three international meetings.
MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
We have developed the DESS to record in detail the surgical procedures for DE, and an international consensus on pre-, intra- and post-operative data that should be recorded in surgical outcome trials on DE.
LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
The recommendations in this paper represent a consensus among international experts based on a systematic review of the literature. For several items and recommendations, high-quality RCTs were not available. Further research is needed to validate and evaluate the recommendations presented here.
WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
This international expert consensus for standardized reporting of surgical treatment in women with DE, based on a systematic literature review and international consensus, can be used as a guideline to record and report surgical management of patients with DE and as a guideline to design, execute, interpret and compare clinical trials in this patient population.
STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
None of the authors received funding for the development of this paper. M.A. reports personal fees and non-financial support from Bayer Pharma outside the submitted work; H.T. reports a grant from Pfizer and personal fees for being on the advisory board of Perrigo, Abbvie, Allergan and SPD.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A.
Upward traveling electrons with energies from tens of kiloelectron volts to several megaelectron volts have been observed over the Jovian polar regions in association with intense upward propagating ...whistler mode waves. The electrons have a power law‐like energy distribution, indicative of a stochastic acceleration process. The energy flux of the upward propagating whistler mode waves is comparable to and strongly correlated with the energy flux of the upward traveling energetic electrons, suggesting that the whistler mode waves may be accelerating the electrons. We propose that a downward field‐aligned current over the polar cap generates strong downward parallel electric fields and associated upward electron beams in the low‐density regions of Jupiter's upper ionosphere, a mechanism similar to the formation of inverted‐Vs in Earth's auroral regions. At Jupiter, the upward‐traveling electron beams produce intense upward propagating whistler mode emissions over a broad frequency range, similar to upward propagating auroral hiss at Earth. As the whistler mode waves propagate upward out of the inverted‐V source region, the waves are absorbed by the plasma, thereby accelerating the electrons. We attribute the stochastic power law‐like energy spectrum of the accelerated electrons to the development of Hamiltonian chaos (velocity space diffusion), the signature of which is indicated by the occurrence of spiky soliton‐like variations in the whistler mode electric fields. Acceleration to high energies may be facilitated by the rapid increase in the phase velocity of the whistler mode waves with increasing altitude, which could accelerate some of the electrons trapped in the wavefield to very high relativistic energies.
Key Points
Upgoing energetic electrons with power law‐like spectrums and strong upgoing whistler mode waves are observed over the Jovian polar cap
The upgoing broadband whistler mode waves are generated by an electron beam instability at low altitudes in the upper ionosphere
The upgoing electrons are stochastically accelerated by the broadband whistler mode waves via the development of Hamiltonian chaos
The electrodynamic coupling between Io and Jupiter gives rise to wave‐particle interactions across multiple spatial scales. Here we report observations during Juno's 12th perijove (PJ) high‐latitude ...northern crossing of the flux tube connected to Io's auroral footprint. We focus on plasma wave measurements, clearly differentiating between magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), ion, and electron scales. We find (i) evidence of Alfvén waves undergoing a turbulent cascade, suggesting Alfvénic acceleration processes together with observations of bi‐directional, broadband electrons; (ii) intense ion cyclotron waves with an estimated heating rate that is consistent with the generation of ion conics reported by Clark et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090839); and (iii) whistler‐mode auroral hiss radiation excited by field‐aligned electrons. Such high‐resolution wave and particle measurements provide an insight into satellite interactions in unprecedented detail. We further anticipate that these spatially well‐constrained results can be more broadly applied to better understand processes of Jupiter's main auroral oval.
Key Points
Juno observes wave and particle phenomena associated with Io's auroral footprint
Alfvénic acceleration was indicated by observations of magnetic turbulence and broadband electron distributions
Intense ion cyclotron and whistler‐mode radiations are related to auroral ions and electrons, respectively
Survey of Jupiter's Dawn Magnetosheath Using Juno Ranquist, D. A.; Bagenal, F.; Wilson, R. J. ...
Journal of geophysical research. Space physics,
November 2019, 2019-11-00, 20191101, Volume:
124, Issue:
11
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The Juno spacecraft crossed Jupiter's bow shock and into the magnetosheath on 24 June 2016. It then went into 53‐day polar orbits with its apojoves at 113 Jovian radii on Jupiter's dawn side. These ...orbits have given us a unique opportunity to survey Jupiter's dawn magnetosheath. Using data from the Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment, the Magnetic Field Investigation, and the Waves Investigation, we have identified 91 magnetosheath crossings for a total of 48.2 days of data. We present the statistical properties of the magnetosheath plasma, including density, velocity, magnetic field strength, temperature, plasma beta, pressures, and Mach numbers. We then show correlations between these various parameters. We confirm the rotation of the magnetic field to align with Jupiter's spin axis and find that this rotation correlates with several of the plasma properties, including magnetic field strength and plasma flow velocity. Finally, we discuss how these results can affect magnetic reconnection and the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability at Jupiter's dawn magnetopause boundary.
Key Points
Juno's unique orbit has allowed a survey of Jupiter's dawn magnetosheath
Jupiter's magnetosheath is very dynamic, and the plasma properties span many orders of magnitude
The enhancement of BZ in Jupiter's magnetosheath is correlated with magnetic field strength and flow speed
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