Aflatoxin B1 (AF) is an unavoidable environmental pollutant that contaminates food, feed, and grains, which seriously threatens human and animal health. Arabic gum (AG) has recently evoked much ...attention owing to its promising therapeutic potential. Thus, the current study was conducted to look into the possible mechanisms beyond the ameliorative activity of AG against AF-inflicted hepatic injury. Male Wistar rats were assigned into four groups: Control, AG (7.5 g/kg b.w/day, orally), AF (200 µg/kg b.w), and AG plus AF group. AF induced marked liver damage expounded by considerable changes in biochemical profile and histological architecture. The oxidative stress stimulated by AF boosted the production of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level along with decreases in the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Additionally, AF exposure was associated with down-regulation of the nuclear factor erythroid2–related factor2 (Nrf2) and superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1) protein expression in liver tissue. Apoptotic cascade has also been evoked following AF-exposure, as depicted in overexpression of cytochrome c (Cyto c), cleaved Caspase3 (Cl. Casp3), along with enhanced up-regulation of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nuclear factor kappa-B transcription factor/p65 (NF-κB/p65) mRNA expression levels. Interestingly, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory contents of AG may reverse the induced oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis in AF-exposed animals.
Renal ischemia–reperfusion (RIR) is an important etiopathological mechanism of acute renal failure (ARF). Erythropoietin (EPO) has been candidate as a nephroprotectant agent. However, its ...nephroprotective effect when it is accompanied with estrogen has not been studied in female.
Fifty-six female rats were divided into seven groups. Each formed of 8 rats. Group I: control group. Group II: Female rats exposed to RIR (named RIR group).Group III: Female rats exposed to RIR and pretreated with EPO (named RIR+EPO group). Group IV: ovariectomized rats exposed to RIR (named OVR+RIR group). Group V: ovariectomized rats received estrogen (E) then exposed to RIR (named OVR+RIR+E group). Group VI: ovariectomized rats received EPO before RIR (named OVR+RIR+EPO group). Group VII: ovariectomized rats received E then received EPO before RIR (named OVR+RIR+E+EPO group).Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and renal blood flow (RBF) were measured. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1(ET-1) and EPO levels were assessed in the renal tissue. Histopathology was assessed to detect renal damage score.
RIR significantly increased the serum levels of creatinine and BUN with decrease in RBF. In addition it significantly increased TNF-α, MPO and endothelin-1 levels with decrease in NO and EPO levels in renal tissue. However, these parameters significantly reversed by EPO except RBF. Combination of E and EPO leads to significant decrease in the protective effect of EPO.
It seems that EPO could protect the kidney against RIR, while this protective effect was decreased when E was supplemented.
Aflatoxin Bsub.1 (AF) is an unavoidable environmental pollutant that contaminates food, feed, and grains, which seriously threatens human and animal health. Arabic gum (AG) has recently evoked much ...attention owing to its promising therapeutic potential. Thus, the current study was conducted to look into the possible mechanisms beyond the ameliorative activity of AG against AF-inflicted hepatic injury. Male Wistar rats were assigned into four groups: Control, AG (7.5 g/kg b.w/day, orally), AF (200 µg/kg b.w), and AG plus AF group. AF induced marked liver damage expounded by considerable changes in biochemical profile and histological architecture. The oxidative stress stimulated by AF boosted the production of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level along with decreases in the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Additionally, AF exposure was associated with down-regulation of the nuclear factor erythroid2–related factor2 (Nrf2) and superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1) protein expression in liver tissue. Apoptotic cascade has also been evoked following AF-exposure, as depicted in overexpression of cytochrome c (Cyto c), cleaved Caspase3 (Cl. Casp3), along with enhanced up-regulation of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nuclear factor kappa-B transcription factor/p65 (NF-κB/p65) mRNA expression levels. Interestingly, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory contents of AG may reverse the induced oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis in AF-exposed animals.
Nanofibers are investigated to be superiorly applicable in different purposes such as drug delivery systems, air filters, wound dressing, water filters, and tissue engineering. Herein, ...polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is thermally treated for autocatalytic cyclization, to give optically active PAN-nanopolymer, which is subsequently applicable for preparation of nanofibers through solution blow spinning. Whereas, solution blow spinning is identified as a process for production of nanofibers characterized with high porosity and large surface area from a minimum amounts of polymer solution. The as-prepared nanofibers were shown with excellent photoluminescence and microbicide performance. According to rheological properties, to obtain spinnable PAN-nanopolymer, PAN (12.5-15% wt/vol, honey like solution, 678-834 mPa s), thermal treatment for 2-4 h must be performed, whereas, time prolongation resulted in PAN-nanopolymer gelling or rubbering. Size distribution of PAN-nanopolymer (12.5% wt/vol) is estimated (68.8 ± 22.2 nm), to reflect its compatibility for the production of carbon nanofibers with size distribution of 300-400 nm. Spectral mapping data for the photoluminescent emission showed that, PAN-nanopolymer were exhibited with two intense peaks at 498 nm and 545 nm, to affirm their superiority for production of fluorescent nanofibers. The microbial reduction % was estimated for carbon nanofibers prepared from PAN-nanopolymer (12.5% wt/vol) to be 61.5%, 71.4% and 81.9%, against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans, respectively. So, the prepared florescent carbon nanofibers can be potentially applicable in anti-infective therapy.
The compatibility of homo-metallic and hetero-metallic bio-composite was promisingly investigated as recyclable catalyst for prothiofos hydrolysis. Chitin as water insoluble biopolymer was ...functionalized as a template for generation of homo-metallic (Ag@chitin, Au@chitin and Pd@chitin) and hetero-metallic (Au@Ag@chitin, Pd@Ag@chitin and Pd@Au@Ag@chitin) composites, by using melt intercalation technique. Investigation of the compatibility of the synthesized homo-metallic and hetero-metallic bio-composites in hydrolysis of prothiofos was performed and affirmed via HPLC results. Immobilization of Pd in the composites showed perfection in the catalytic performance for prothiofos hydrolysis. Pd@Au@Ag@chitin exhibited the highest hydrolysis result of 99% for prothiofos was hydrolyzed within 150 min with rate constant (k1) of 24.48 min−1. After five recycles for Pd@Au@Ag@chitin, the hydrolysis of prothiofos was lowered from 346 mg/g to 269 mg/g with reduction percentage of 22%. The synthesized bio-composite was highly effective as recyclable catalyst and can be easily served in the remediation of pesticides.
•Metallic@chitin bio-composites were synthesized by melt intercalation technique.•Immobilization of Pd in the composites enhanced their catalytic performance.•99% of prothifos was hydrolyzed within 150 min when Pd@Au@Ag@chitin used.•After 5 regenerations for Pd@Au@Ag@chitin, the hydrolysis was decreased by 22%.•Metallic based bio-composite can use as effective recyclable catalyst in pesticides remediation.
Requirement for medication from pathogenic human viruses and cancer diseases are urgently considered, while, numerous reports were focused on investigating easily manufactured and excellently ...effective therapeutic reagents. Herein, CQDs were prepared with size of 2.1 nm from both of carrageenan and pullulan. CQDs nucleated from pullulan showed higher anti-proliferative effects against cancer cells, while, treatment with 100 μg/mL of CQDs colloids originated from pullulan and carrageenan separately resulted in diminishing of cancer cell viability percent to be 42.1 & 58.7%, respectively. Plaque reduction assay was also affirmed that, 2.5 μg/L of both of pullulan and carrageenan based CQDs exhibited viral inhibition with percent of 44.3& 59.5%, respectively. As a conclusion, pullulan showed seniority over carrageenan in nucleation of CQDs with higher anticancer activities. While, estimation of antiviral performance of the prepared CQDs confirmed the priority of carrageenan compared to pullulan in preparation of CQDs as antiviral laborer.
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•Carrageenan versus pullulan in nucleation of hydrophilic CQDs•Quite small mono-dispersed CQDs were obtained with size range of 2.1 nm.•CQDs showed anticancer potentiality against breast cancer cells.•Pullulan showed seniority over carrageenan in nucleation of CQDs with higher anticancer activity.•Carrageenan showed priority in preparation of CQDs as antiviral laborer of MERS-CoV.
Herein, comparison between eco-friendly homo-metallic (Ag) and hetero-metallic (AgAu and Ag-Au-Pd) nanostructures in catalysis was studied. The homo-metallic and hetero-metallic nanostructures were ...greenly synthesized using Agar as nano-generator. The sequential reduction of metal ions to give homo- and hetero-metallic nanostructures was initially confirmed via UV–Visible spectra. Tracking of transmission electron microscope and zetasizer data showed that, all the produced nanostructures were well-dispersed and spherical in shape. Small-sized AgNPs with mean size of 9.1 nm were enlarged to 23.7 nm for AgAu bimetallic nanostructure. While, trimetallic nanoshells of Ag-Au-Pd was diminished to be 13.6 nm. The FT-IR and 13CNMR spectral analyses were detected to investigate the reaction mechanism for synthesis of nanostructures. The catalytic performance of the synthesized nanostructures in degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange dyes was a strongly correlated to the composition of nanostructures. Half time of methylene blue and methyl orange degradation was diminished from 45.90 and 47.15 to 0.97 and 0.69 min by using trimetallic nanostructures as a catalyst, respectively. The current strategy can present an environmentally benign and valuable methodology for fabrication of hetero-metallic nanostructures with desirable size and have efficient catalytic activity.
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•Comparison between homo-metallic and hetero-metallic nanostructures in catalytic activity was studied.•Eco-friendly Ag, AgAu and Ag-Au-Pd nanostructures were prepared with size of 9.1, 23.7 and 13.6 nm, respectively.•The catalytic activity of the nanostructures was strongly correlated to their composition.•The t1/2 for dye degradation was reduced by 47.3–68.3 times at using Ag-Au-PdNPs as a catalyst.
•Formation of Cu2O directly into viscose fabrics was carried out in two steps using quite simple technique.•Micro-needles of Cu2O with dimensions of 1.60×0.13μm were obtained.•Cu2O – viscose fabrics ...exhibited 96.8–97.8% and 85.5–89.0% reduction viability in bacteria and fungi, respectively.•Release was studied.•Release profile of Cu1+/2+ ions from fabrics was studied in water, physiological fluid and artificial sweat.
Metal/metal oxide containing fibres are gradually increasing in textile industrialization recently, owing to their high potential for application as antimicrobial textiles. In this study, the reducing properties of cellulose were applied to synthesize cuprous oxide in-situ. The direct formation of Cu2O on viscose fabrics was achieved via quite simple technique in two subsequent steps: alkalization and sorption. Cu contents in fabrics before and after rinsing ranged between 45.2–86.4mmol/kg and 18.1–67.7mmol/kg, respectively. Uniform micro-needles of Cu2O were obtained with regular size and dimensions of 1.60±0.20μm in length and 0.13±0.03μm in width. Release of Cu1+/2+ ions from selected samples was studied in water, physiological fluid and artificial sweat. Copper containing fabrics exhibited a percent of 96.8–97.8% and 85.5–89.0% for reduction in microbial viability, which was tested for S. aureus (as gram positive bacteria), E. coli (as gram-negative bacteria) and C. albicans and A. niger (as fungal species), respectively after 24h contact time.
•The review focuses on recent synthesis protocols for AgNPs using polysaccharides.•Polysaccharides were firstly applied as capping agents for metal nanoparticles.•Recently polysaccharides were used ...as both of reducer and stabilizer for AgNPs.•Pure AgNPs colloidal solutions are recently prepared by removable polysaccharides.
Polysaccharides are particularly attractive in biomedical applications due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. In addition to its ecofriendly effects and easy processing into different hydrogel shapes, made polysaccharides used on a large scale as suitable media for preparation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In spite of, most of polysaccharides are water insoluble, but it has shown to be quite efficient capping agents and/or nanoreactor matrices for production of AgNPs. Several methods have been developed to get the benefit of multi-functionality for polysaccharides’ macromolecules in preparation of AgNPs. Therefore, recently, preparation of nanosilver using different polysaccharides have been the focus of an exponentially increasing number of works devoted to develop nanocomposites by blending AgNPs with different polysaccharides matrices. The current review represents a wide survey for the published studies which interested in using of polysaccharides in nanosilver preparations.
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