Gender inequity in sport organisation boards, particularly in decision-making positions, remains a significant issue. Considerable research exists on the topic yet attempts to integrate non-academic ...perspectives on this literature are relatively limited. We present a systematic narrative review, constructed in conjunction with the work of a ‘reflective panel’ which included sport, business and academic professionals from Europe and North America. The panel helped to inform the search strategy and reflected upon the narrative produced. In total, 154 peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and grey literature publications were included. The resultant narrative is presented according to several scales of abstraction; macro-scale studies of global/national trends; meso-scale studies of processes (re)producing gender inequity; and microscopic studies of lived experiences of gender inequity. There is consensus in the literature that, globally, women continue to be under-represented in leadership positions. Patriarchal selection practices and organisational cultures reinforce this inequity, despite evidence that men in leadership roles recognise the problem. While gender equity policies exist, actions to pursue gender equity are more limited. Patriarchal language, gendered stereotypes and person-profiling still persist, resulting in specific emotional and practical challenges for women in sports leadership positions. The reflective panel recognised an over-representation of studies from a liberal ‘Western’ tradition that conceptualises gender inequity in a specific socio-cultural and political way. Studies also often overlook the effects of the intersectionality. Finally, we suggest areas for further research, including a need to understand the electoral procedures of sports organisations beyond ‘formal’ channels, to better understand women’s lived experiences of inequity and to investigate the experiences of women who either step down or are not appointed to leadership positions.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is a profoundly dangerous, potentially lethal, immunologically mediated adverse drug reaction to unfractionated heparin or, less commonly, to low-molecular weight ...heparin. In this comprehensive review, the authors highlight heparin-induced thrombocytopenia's risk factors, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnostic principles, and treatment. The authors place special emphasis on the management of patients requiring procedures using cardiopulmonary bypass or interventions in the catheterization laboratory. Clinical vigilance of this disease process is important to ensure its recognition, diagnosis, and treatment. Misdiagnosis of the syndrome, as well as misunderstanding of the disease process, continues to contribute to its morbidity and mortality.
Women-only swimming as a space of belonging Lenneis, Verena; Agergaard, Sine; Evans, Adam B.
Qualitative research in sport, exercise and health,
01/2022, Volume:
14, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The female Muslim body has come under close political and public scrutiny in many Western societies. Within sport, too, Muslim women's dress and practices have become topics of discussion. For ...example, gender-segregated swimming sessions catering for Muslim women have caused disputes in several European countries, including Denmark. Nevertheless, the perspectives of participants are absent in such discussions and research about the significance of sports and physical activity for minority-ethnic groups is sparse. The aim of this article is to explore the meanings Danish Muslim women ascribe to their participation in a gender-segregated swimming space. Drawing on transnational feminism that foregrounds the voices of 'othered' women, this article presents the results of a study, in which we used participant observation and interviews with club officials and 14 Muslim women. The participants connected swimming with well-being and self-care and portrayed women-only swimming as a space of belonging, where they felt comfortable and safe and were not only protected from the male but also the 'white' gaze that they encountered in other situations, such as when wearing a burkini on the beach. Consequently, contestations of belonging 'outside' gave particular value to the women-only swimming pool as a space free from such contestations. This finding demonstrates how Muslim women's experiences with sport and physical activity are shaped by current public and political discourses on immigration and integration in Western societies.
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) that impact the safety or efficacy of protein therapeutics are critical quality attributes (CQAs) that need to be controlled to ensure product quality. Peptide ...mapping with online mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool that has been used for many years to monitor PTM CQAs during product development. However, operating peptide mapping methods with high-resolution mass spectrometers in GMP compliant, commercial quality control (QC) labs can be difficult. Peptide mapping is also required as an identity test in several countries. To address these two different needs, we utilized high-resolution peptide mapping for comprehensive characterization during development and then developed and validated a targeted multi-attribute monitoring (MAM) method using the low-resolution Waters QDa MS system with a fully automated data processing workflow that is suitable for identity (ID) testing, sequence variant control, and CQA quantitation in commercial QC labs. The ID–MAM method was validated for the quantitation of three selected PTM CQAs (CDR isomerization, Fc Met oxidation, and CDR Met oxidation) to ensure control of the oxidation and isomerization degradation pathways of a bispecific antibody (BsAb). This ID–MAM method was successfully validated in six labs (three analytical development and three QC labs) across four countries for commercial release and stability testing of a BsAb. CQA results obtained with the ID–MAM method were similar to results obtained using high-resolution peptide mapping, and the method was robust and reproducible. To our knowledge, this ID–MAM method is the first MS-based peptide mapping method implemented in GMP compliant QC labs for commercial release and stability testing of a biotherapeutic.
Peptide mapping with mass spectrometry (MS) is an important tool for protein characterization in the biopharmaceutical industry. Historically, peptide mapping monitors post-translational ...modifications (PTMs) of protein products and process intermediates during development. Multi-attribute monitoring (MAM) methods have been used previously in commercial release and stability testing panels to ensure control of selected critical quality attributes (CQAs). Our goal is to use MAM methods as part of an overall analytical testing strategy specifically focused on CQAs, while removing or replacing historical separation methods that do not effectively distinguish CQAs from non-CQAs due to co-elution. For example, in this study, we developed a strategy to replace a profile-based ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) method using a MAM method in combination with traditional purity methods to ensure control of charge variant CQAs for a commercial antibody (mAb) drug product (DP). To support this change in commercial testing strategy, the charge variant CQAs were identified and characterized during development by high-resolution LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. The charge variant CQAs included PTMs, high molecular weight species, and low molecular weight species. Thus, removal of the IEC method from the DP specification was achieved using a validated LC-MS MAM method on a QDa system to directly measure the charge variant PTM CQAs in combination with size exclusion chromatography (SE-HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE-SDS) to measure the non-PTM charge variant CQAs. Bridging data between the MAM, IEC, and SE-HPLC methods were included in the commercial marketing application to justify removing IEC from the DP specification. We have also used this MAM method as a test for identity to reduce the number of QC assays. This strategy has received approvals from several health authorities.
Obesity has been associated with a multitude of medical comorbidities, infertility, and adverse obstetric outcomes. Weight stigma and weight bias pervade not only the medical field but also ...education, employment, and activities of daily living. The experience of weight stigma has been shown to adversely impact not only the mental health of individuals with overweight or obesity but also worsen obesogenic behaviors, and medical comorbidities. This review frames the rise of weight stigma and weight bias within the context of the "obesity epidemic" and explores its associations with infertility and decreased access to health care and its subsequent impact on the lives of individuals. Furthermore, it explores the concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic weight stigma/bias and highlights the need for further examination and research into the impact of these factors on access to reproductive medicine and subsequent outcomes.
In this article, we address an existing lacuna in the sociology of the senses, by employing sociological phenomenology to illuminate the under-researched sense of temperature, as lived by a social ...group for whom water temperature is particularly salient: competitive pool swimmers. The research contributes to a developing ‘sensory sociology’ that highlights the importance of the socio-cultural framing of the senses and ‘sensory work’, but where there remains a dearth of sociological exploration into senses extending beyond the ‘classic five’ sensorium. Drawing on data from a three-year ethnographic study of competitive swimmers in the UK, our analysis explores the rich sensuousities of swimming, and highlights the role of temperature as fundamentally affecting the affordances offered by the aquatic environment. The article contributes original theoretical perspectives to the sociology of the senses and of sport in addressing the ways in which social actors in the aquatic environment interact, both intersubjectively and intercorporeally, as thermal beings.
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