Potassium‐ion hybrid capacitors have attracted increasing attention due to good energy density, high power density, and low cost. Ti3C2Tx‐MXene is considered as a promising anode material for K ion ...storage. However, undesirable stacking issues decrease its exposed area and breeds sluggish K ion transport. Herein, a facile spray‐lyophilization strategy is proposed to construct stacking‐resistant Ti3C2Tx with 3D structures. As‐prepared Ti3C2Tx hollow spheres/tubes present stack resistance, a large specific surface area, and a short ion diffusion pathway. When serving as an anode material, it shows enhanced capacity and thickness‐independent rate performance compared to 2D Ti3C2Tx. After 10 000 cycles, a specific capacity of 122 mAh g−1 is obtained at 1 A g−1. Systematic kinetics analyses demonstrate the significance of concentration polarization on the electrode's rate ability. Furthermore, a 3D Ti3C2Tx‖hierarchical porous activated carbon (HPAC) K‐ion hybrid capacitor is assembled and displays remarkable energy and power densities with energy retention of 100% after 10 000 cycles at 1 A g−1 . Following this strategy, other 3D structures from nanosheets can also be obtained, such as 3D Ti3C2Tx microtubes and graphene oxide nanoscrolls. This study provides a viable approach to solve the stacking issues of 2D nanosheets to promote the application of 2D materials.
A spray‐lyophilization strategy is proposed to transform 2D nanosheets such as Ti3C2Tx, Ti2CTx, and graphene oxide into 3D architectures. The obtained 3D Ti3C2Tx presents an aggregation‐resistant, large specific surface, and a short ion transport path, leading to enhanced K ion storage ability. A 3D Ti3C2Tx‖hierarchical porous activated carbon (HPAC) K‐ion hybrid capacitor is assembled and displays remarkable energy and power densities with ultrastable cycling performance.
The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) as gene regulators has led to a paradigm shift in the understanding of post-transcriptional gene regulation in plants and animals. miRNAs have emerged as master ...regulators of plant growth and development. Evidence suggesting that miRNAs play a role in plant stress responses arises from the discovery that miR398 targets genes with known roles in stress tolerance. In addition, the expression profiles of most miRNAs that are implicated in plant growth and development are significantly altered during stress. These later findings imply that attenuated plant growth and development under stress may be under the control of stress-responsive miRNAs. Here we review recent progress in the understanding of miRNA-mediated plant stress tolerance.
BACKGROUND
Assessing trends in breast cancer survival among young women who are largely unaffected by breast cancer screening will provide important information regarding improvements in the ...effectiveness of cancer care for breast cancer in the last few decades.
METHODS
The cohort for this study consisted of women who were diagnosed with breast cancer between ages 20 and 39 years from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program's 9‐registry areas from 1975 to 2015. Trends in the breast cancer incidence rate and survival were assessed among young women.
RESULTS
Among women aged 20 to 39 years, breast cancer incidence increased from 24.6 per 100,000 in 1975 to 31.7 per 100,000 in 2015 (annual percent change, 0.5; 95% confidence interval CI, 0.4‐0.6). Among women with breast cancer, 5‐year breast‐cancer‐specific survival increased significantly from 74.0% during 1975 to 1979 to 88.5% during 2010 to 2015 (hazard ratio for dying from breast cancer for 2010‐2015 vs 1975‐1979, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.32‐0.41). The increase in cancer‐specific survival reached a plateau in 2005; however, among young women with metastatic breast cancer, it continued to increase after 2005, from 45.6% during 2005 to 2009 to 56.5% during 2010 to 2015 (hazard ratio for dying from breast cancer for 2010‐2015 vs 2005‐2009, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.60‐0.92). Similar patterns also were observed for 5‐year overall survival and among women aged 20 to 29 years and those aged 30 to 39 years.
CONCLUSIONS
There were substantial improvements in the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment on overall and cancer‐specific survival from 1975 to 2015. However, improvements appeared to have reached a plateau after 2005, except among young women with metastatic breast cancer, in whom survival continued to improve throughout the period.
Data for the period from 1975 to 2015 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry indicate that survival has improved significantly for young women (aged 20 to 39 years) with breast cancer in the last 4 decades, although the improvement recently has plateaued, except among young women with metastatic cancer, whose survival continued to improve throughout the period. This improved survival is most likely attributed to advances in cancer care, because these populations typically are not screened.
Humans are undergoing a fateful transformation focusing on artificial intelligence, quantum information technology, virtual reality, etc., which is inseparable from intelligent nano–micro devices. ...However, the booming of “Big Data” brings about an even greater challenge by growing electromagnetic radiation. Herein, an innovative flexible multifunctional microsensor is proposed, opening up a new horizon for intelligent devices. It integrates “non‐crosstalk” multiple perception and green electromagnetic interference shielding only in one pixel, with satisfactory sensitivity and fast information feedback. Importantly, beneficial by deep insight into the variable‐temperature electromagnetic response, the microsensor tactfully transforms the urgent threat of electromagnetic radiation into “wealth,” further integrating self‐power. This result will refresh researchers' realization of next‐generation devices, ushering in a new direction for aerospace engineering, remote sensing, communications, medical treatment, biomimetic robot, prosthetics, etc.
An innovative flexible multifunctional microsensor is demonstrated for the first time, holding highly integrated functions of “non‐crosstalk” multiple perception, green electromagnetic interference shielding, and self‐power only in one pixel. Importantly, insight into the variable‐temperature electromagnetic response is obtained, showing a new concept toward next‐generation intelligent devices in the coming era of the “Internet of Everything”.
Low‐dimensional materials have been long sought after for their particular electromagnetic (EM) functions, with promising applications in EM wave absorbing and shielding, communicating and imaging, ...sensing and detecting, driving and actuating, etc. Herein, across the whole EM spectrum, low‐dimensional EM functional materials and devices are highly focused on. The crystal engineering and function‐guiding features addressed relate to crystal and electronic structures, EM responses and properties, energy conversion, as well as EM wave absorbing and shielding. Moreover, insight is given into this rapidly broadening field, the main challenges are proposed and future directions are predicted.
Electromagnetic response and energy conversion for functions and devices of low‐dimensional materials are systematically summarized. The crystal and electronic structures are described, and crystal engineering and function‐guiding features are highlighted. Importantly, the electromagnetic functions and devices are demonstrated with a prediction of the most prospective opportunities and directions for the future.
Summary
Background
Data comparing waitlist and post‐transplant outcomes of liver transplantation (LT) alone (LTA) versus simultaneous liver kidney (SLK) listings are limited.
Aim
To examine 90‐days ...waitlist and 1‐year post‐transplant outcomes of LT listings since Organ Procurement Transplant Network (OPTN) policy for SLK, who had cirrhosis with eGFR <30 mL/min or on dialysis at listing.
Methods
Adults (08/2017–03/2021) with first LT listing (2628 SLK) were stratified on renal function from listing: acute kidney injury (AKI): rise of serum creatinine by ≥0.3 mg/dL or <42 days hemodialysis; chronic kidney disease (CKD): eGFR <60 mL/min for ≥90 days or ≥42 days hemodialysis.
Results
Among 7094 adults analyzed, 90‐days competing cumulative waitlist mortality was 18.2% in LTA + CKD (
n
= 37), 15.3% in LTA + AKI (
n
= 3337), 15% in SLK + AKI (
n
= 2070), and 11% in SLK + CKD (
n
= 403),
p
< 0.001. On fine and gray model, compared to SLK + CKD, LTA + AKI had 1.4–fold waitlist mortality. On a median post‐transplant follow up of 1 year, patient survival was similar comparing LTA versus SLK for AKI (89% each,
p
= 0.83), for CKD (93 vs. 86%,
p
= 0.55), but lower in recipients listed for SLK with no AKI or CKD (93 vs. 88%,
p
= 0.02), adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) of 0.7 (0.4–1.2). Among 1024 LTA recipients without AKI or CKD from listing, 117 were listed for SLK, and their 1‐year survival was poorer compared to LT alone listings (79 vs. 95%,
p
< 0.002, adjusted HR 3.6 (1.3–10.3);
p
= 0.015).
Conclusions
Among candidates with renal dysfunction at listing for LT, those listed for LT alone should receive transplant promptly to optimise waitlist outcomes. Those listed for SLK should wait to receive both organs to optimise post‐transplant outcomes.
Spatial electromagnetic (EM) radiation, big data, is both an opportunity and a challenge. Harvesting and converting waste EM energy for high‐efficient recycling has a huge significance in the energy ...field. Herein, a new and effective patching engineering method using conductive polymers to repair magnetic graphene (NF‐P) is proposed, tailoring the microstructure network controllably, including conductive network and relaxation genes. It realizes the precise tuning of EM property, and the EM response shows a significant increase of 52%. The energy transformation inside materials is surveyed, and a revolutionary mode of energy conversion is constructed, ingeniously utilizing the stored electrical energy and the converted heat energy inside the material with the theoretical utilization of absorbed EM energy up to 100%. The NF‐P patching network serves as a prototype for a potential cell device with the EM energy conversion improved by ≈10 times and effective bandwidth increased by 13 GHz that covers the entire research frequency band (2–18 GHz). This research opens up a new idea for energy utilization inside materials, providing a novel and effective path for harvesting, converting and delivering spatial EM energy.
Energy is not produced, but is simply portered. Here, a revolutionary prototype cell is constructed, ingeniously utilizing the stored electrical energy and converted heat energy inside material with the theoretical utilization of absorbed electromagnetic energy up to 100%.
Summary
Background
Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) contributes to significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalised patients with cirrhosis.
Aims
To examine recent trends, magnitude and outcomes of HRS ...in the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database
Methods
Among the NIS database on cirrhosis hospitalisations (2016–2019) due to alcohol (ALD), chronic viral hepatitis (CVH), or NASH and complicated by acute kidney injury (AKI) were analyzed.
Results
Of 113,454 hospitalisations, 18,735 (16.5%) had HRS (mean age 56 years, 36% females, 68% whites, 80% ALD, 7% NASH) with a stable trend over time. Among 1:1 propensity‐matched 36,090 hospitalisations, the odds of HRS were 12% higher in NASH versus CVH. Based on weighted national estimates, there were 27,180 (8.3 per 100,000 US population) HRS hospitalisations in 2019, with economic burden of $4.2 billion USD. Mean hospitalisation and total charges (ALD vs. CVH vs. NASH) were 11 versus 10.8 versus 9.2 days and 151,000 versus 157,000 versus 120,000 USD, respectively; p < 0.001. In‐hospital mortality was 18.9%, higher in HRS (25.8 vs. 12%, p < 0.001), and decreased by 15% annually. Survivors were more likely to be discharged to short‐ or long‐term care facilities (HRS vs. non‐HRS 42 vs. 27%, p < 0.001); only 28.7% received palliative care.
Conclusion
HRS was the cause of AKI in 16.5% of patients hospitalised with cirrhosis and conferred significant healthcare burden with 27,180 HRS hospitalisations in 2019 and requiring an estimated 4.2 billion USD for hospital care. While there has been a decrease in in‐hospital mortality over time, it remained high at 23.7% in 2019 in those with HRS.
Healthcare and economic burden of hepatorenal syndrome among hospitalised patients with cirrhosis.
The goal of this study was to examine the impact of substance use disorder on the risk of hospitalization, complications, and mortality among adult patients diagnosed as having COVID-19.
The authors ...conducted a propensity score (PS)-matched double-cohort study (N=5,562 in each cohort) with data from the TriNetX Research Network database to identify 54,529 adult patients (≥18 years) diagnosed as having COVID-19 between February 20 and June 30, 2020.
Primary analysis (PS matched on demographic characteristics and presence of diabetes and obesity) showed that substance use disorder was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization (odds ratio OR=1.84, 95% confidence interval CI=1.69-2.01), ventilator use (OR=1.45, 95% CI=1.22-1.72), and mortality (OR=1.30, 95% CI=1.08-1.56).
The findings suggest that COVID-19 patients with substance use disorders are at increased risk for adverse outcomes. The attenuation of ORs in the model that matched for chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases associated with substance abuse suggests that the observed risks may be partially mediated by these conditions.
Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) is characterized by multiple organ failure (OF) with high short‐term mortality. There is lack of population‐based data on trends on etiology specific ACLF ...related burden. National Inpatient Sample (2006‐2014) was queried using ICD‐09 codes for admissions with cirrhosis and ACLF (≥2 extrahepatic OF). Of 1,928,764 admissions for cirrhosis between 2006 and 2014, 112,174 (5.9%) had ACLF (4.5%, 1.2%, and 0.2% with ACLF 1, 2, and 3, respectively). The brain was the most common OF in 11.9%, followed by respiratory failure in 7.7%, cardiac failure in 6.3%, and renal failure in 5.6%. ACLF increased by 24% between 2006 and 2014 with a 63% increase in 179,104 patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) cirrhosis (3.5% to 5.7%); a 28% increase in patients with 429,306 alcoholic cirrhosis (5.6% to 7.2%); a 25% increase in patients with 1,091,053 with other etiologies (5.2% to 6.5%); and no significant change in 229,301 patients with viral hepatitis (VH) (4.0% to 4.1%). In‐hospital mortality was higher among ACLF patients compared with patients without ACLF (44% versus 4.7%; P < 0.0001). Each NASH‐related ACLF patient compared with other etiologies had a longer mean length of stay (14 versus 12 days), was associated with higher median total charges (US $151,196 versus US $134,597), and had more frequent use of dialysis (45% versus 36%) and longterm care (32% versus 26%; P < 0.0001 for all). Results remained similar in a subgroup analysis after including half of admissions with cryptogenic cirrhosis as NASH. In conclusion, NASH cirrhosis is the most rapidly growing indication for ACLF‐related hospitalization and use of hospital resources. In the setting of improved treatment options for chronic hepatitis, the health care burden of chronic viral‐related liver disease remains stable. Population‐based strategies are needed to reduce the health care burden of cirrhosis, particularly related to NASH.
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