•Local and systemic N signaling modulates a variety of developmental programs.•Nitrate breaks seed dormancy reducing abscisic acid levels.•Cross-talk between nitrate and cytokinin signaling ...influences meristem dynamics.•Local and systemic signaling controls shoot and root architecture.•Nitrate delays flowering time via the gibberellin signaling pathway.
Coordination between plant development and nutrient availability ensures a suitable supply of macromolecules for growth and developmental programs. Nitrate is an important source of nitrogen (N) that acts as a signal molecule to modulate gene expression, physiological, growth and developmental responses throughout the life of the plant. New key players in the nitrate signaling pathway have been described and knowledge of the molecular mechanics of how it impacts growth and developmental processes is increasing fast. Importantly, mechanisms for nitrate-control of growth and developmental processes have been proposed for both local as well as systemic responses. This article provides a synthesis of recent insights into molecular mechanisms by which nitrate impacts growth and development over Arabidopsis life-cycle.
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient that impacts many aspects of plant physiology, growth, and development. Besides its nutritional role, N nutrient and metabolites act as signaling molecules ...that regulate the expression of a wide range of genes and biological processes. In this review, we describe recent advances in the understanding of components of the nitrate signaling pathway. Recent evidence posits that in one nitrate signaling pathway, nitrate sensed by NRT1.1 activates a phospholipase C activity that is necessary for increased cytosolic calcium levels. The nitrate-elicited calcium increase presumably activates calcium sensors, kinases, or phosphatases, resulting in changes in expression of primary nitrate response genes. Consistent with this model, nitrate treatments elicit proteome-wide changes in phosphorylation patterns in a wide range of proteins, including transporters, metabolic enzymes, kinases, phosphatases, and other regulatory proteins. Identifying and characterizing the function of the different players involved in this and other nitrate signaling pathways and their functional relationships is the next step to understand N responses in plants.
Nitrate commands genome‐wide gene expression changes that impact metabolism, physiology, plant growth, and development. In an effort to identify new components involved in nitrate responses in ...plants, we analyze the Arabidopsis thaliana root phosphoproteome in response to nitrate treatments via liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. 176 phosphoproteins show significant changes at 5 or 20 min after nitrate treatments. Proteins identified by 5 min include signaling components such as kinases or transcription factors. In contrast, by 20 min, proteins identified were associated with transporter activity or hormone metabolism functions, among others. The phosphorylation profile of NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1.1 (NRT1.1) mutant plants was significantly altered as compared to wild‐type plants, confirming its key role in nitrate signaling pathways that involves phosphorylation changes. Integrative bioinformatics analysis highlights auxin transport as an important mechanism modulated by nitrate signaling at the post‐translational level. We validated a new phosphorylation site in PIN2 and provide evidence that it functions in primary and lateral root growth responses to nitrate.
Synopsis
Phosphoproteomic analysis in response to nitrate treatment reveals early nitrate‐induced changes in Arabidopsis thaliana root phosphoproteins associated to signaling while late changes are associated to transport and hormone metabolism. Moreover, nitrate promotes the dephosphorylation of PIN2, impacting PIN2 subcellular localization and root development.
Several nitrate‐regulated phosphoproteins involved in signaling, metabolism and other functions were identified.
NRT1.1 is required for normal phosphoproteome responses to nitrate treatments.
Nitrate regulates root system architecture by modulating PIN2 phosphorylation status.
Phosphoproteomic analysis in response to nitrate treatment reveals early nitrate‐induced changes in Arabidopsis thaliana root phosphoproteins associated to signaling while late changes are associated to transport and hormone metabolism. Moreover, nitrate promotes the dephosphorylation of PIN2, impacting PIN2 subcellular localization and root development.
Magíster en Gestión y Políticas Públicas
¿Durante su primera infancia, un niño o niña indígena tendrá las mismas posibilidades de salud que un niño o niña indígena? ¿Cuánto influyen las condiciones ...sociales, culturales y ambientales en la salud de niños y niñas indígenas? La literatura establece que las condiciones de salud de niños y niñas no obedece solamente a factores biológicos o genéticos, sino que estará determinada por condiciones sociales, culturales y ambientales en que el niño o niña nace y se desarrolla. De modo que la presente investigación busca entender cuáles de estos factores tienen mayor influencia en las condiciones de salud de la primera infancia indígena en Chile.;
Existe la oportunidad de mejorar la salud de algunas de las comunidades más pobres y vulnerables atacando la raíz de las causas de las enfermedades y de las inequidades en salud. La causa más poderosa reside en las condiciones sociales en las que viven y trabajan las personas, conocida como determinantes sociales de la salud (OMS, 2005). En el caso de los niños indígenas menores de 5 años, estos tienen 2,6 veces más riesgo de morir que los niños no indígenas.;
El objetivo del estudio es establecer y analizar los determinantes sociales de la salud en primera infancia perteneciente a pueblos indígenas, estableciendo en base a sus resultados, los límites y posibilidades de las actuales políticas públicas dirigidas a este grupo. A través de la utilización de una metodología de análisis cuantitativo descriptivo en base a CASEN (2015) se analiza, de manera exploratoria, la existencia de este problema público. Los indicadores son medidos para 2 grupos de la población, niños y niñas de 0 a 5 años pertenecientes a pueblos indígenas (primera infancia indígena) y no pertenecientes a pueblos indígenas (primera infancia no indígena), tanto a nivel nacional como regional, lo que permite establecer la referencia para la comparación entre primera infancia indígena y no indígena y permite visualizar las diferencias territoriales entre los grupos que no es posible apreciar al considerar solo los promedios nacionales.;
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Los resultados muestran que la primera infancia indígena se enfrenta a mayores desigualdades sociales, ya que no sólo el porcentaje de pobreza es mayor al de la primera infancia no indígena, sino que también los es el porcentaje en situación de carencia en el ámbito educativo y de trabajo y seguridad social. Asimismo, la primera infancia indígena nace y se desarrolla en condiciones de vida más desfavorables, por cuanto existe un mayor porcentaje de la población indígena versus la no indígena, que vive en situación de carencia de servicios básicos en el hogar o bien, en situación deficitaria respecto al acceso agua, higiene y saneamiento. La falta de acceso a agua potable y saneamiento contribuye significativamente a la mortalidad infantil (UNICEF, 2015). ;
Se establece que juega un rol relevante en la salud el programa Chile Crece Contigo, de protección social a la infancia en base a garantías de salud entre otras. También el subsistema Chile Seguridades y Oportunidades, que incluye el Programa Familias, dirigido a personas y familias en situación de pobreza extrema y contempla un conjunto de acciones, servicios y prestaciones sociales para mejorar su calidad de vida. Es aquí donde se presenta la mayor oportunidad en cuanto a desarrollar una política de promoción y protección social que aborde específicamente los determinantes sociales de la salud que afectan a la primera infancia indígena.
Esta tesis ha sido realizada como parte del Proyecto Fondecyt 2016 N° 11160330 "Cambio en las políticas hacia la infancia y adolescencia en Chile. Análisis de los marcos interpretativos de instituciones y actores relacionados"
This report summarizes the outcomes of a meeting on cystic echinococcosis (CE) in animals and humans in Chile held in Santiago, Chile, between the 21st and 22nd of January 2016. The meeting ...participants included representatives of the Departamento de Zoonosis, Ministerio de Salud (Zoonotic Diseases Department, Ministry of Health), representatives of the Secretarias Regionales del Ministerio de Salud (Regional Department of Health, Ministry of Health), Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo Agropecuario (National Institute for the Development of Agriculture and Livestock, INDAP), Instituto de Salud Pública (National Institute for Public Health, ISP) and the Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (Animal Health Department, SAG), academics from various universities, veterinarians and physicians. Current and future CE control activities were discussed. It was noted that the EG95 vaccine was being implemented for the first time in pilot control programmes, with the vaccine scheduled during 2016 in two different regions in the South of Chile. In relation to use of the vaccine, the need was highlighted for acquiring good quality data, based on CE findings at slaughterhouse, previous to initiation of vaccination so as to enable correct assessment of the efficacy of the vaccine in the following years. The current world's-best-practice concerning the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool for the screening population in highly endemic remote and poor areas was also discussed.
The aim of the present work is to evaluate the corporate social performance of savings banks and cooperative banks from Aragon by analysing the information disclosed by these firms. We have developed ...a model to measure the corporate social performance reported by these banks, based on their interaction with their stakeholders. Moreover, the quantitative analysis is complemented by interviews. The main results show that the information on these issues disclosed in 2004-2008 is limited and mainly focuses on corporate governance and community concerns. However, we have observed a positive trend in the social performance information disclosed. The number of organisations that publish a sustainability report has grown from one in 2004 to three in 2008. This could indicate that savings banks and cooperative banks in Aragón are showing increasing interest in corporate responsibility principles and transparency. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT IN SPANISH: El presente trabajo ofrece una evaluación del desempeño social de las Cajas de Ahorros y las Cooperativas de Crédito aragonesas, para lo que se ha construido un modelo de ...indicadores basados en la relación de la entidad con sus grupos de interés. Complementariamente, se ha entrevistado a las personas responsables de esta área en cada una de las entidades del estudio. Los resultados muestran que la información proporcionada durante el periodo 2004-2008 es limitada y se centra principalmente en elementos de Gobierno Corporativo y Comunidad. No obstante, se observa una tendencia positiva en el desglose de información sobre desempeño social. Asimismo, de lan sólo una entidad con memoria de sostenibilidad en 2004 se ha pasado a 3 organizaciones en 2008, rasgo indicativo de la predisposición de las entidades financieras aragonesas hacia la responsabilidad social y la transparencia. // ABSTRACT IN FRENCH: Ce travail propose une évaluation des performances sociales des caisses d'épargne et des coopératives de crédit aragonaises, grâce à l'analyse des informations disponibles sur chacune d'elles. Un modèle d'indicateurs, basés sur la relation de l'entité avec ses groupes d'intérêt, a été créé pour l'occasion. De plus, nous avons réalisé des entretiens avec les personnes responsables de ce domaine dans chacun des établisséments de l'étude. Les résultats montrent que les informations fournies pendant la période 2004-2008 sont limitées, et qu'elles concernent surtout le gouvernement corporatif et communautaire. Cependant, on observe une évolution positive de la répartition des informations concernant les performances sociales. Ainsi, nous sommes passés d'une seule entreprise dotée d'un rapport de développement durable en 2004, à 3 en 2008. On peut y voir un signe de la prédisposition des entités financières aragonaises envers la responsabilité sociale et la transparence. Enfin, on constate que la publication de rapports de développement durable par les entités est perçue comme un signe de transparence par leurs groupes d'intérêt. // ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The aim of the present work is to evaluate the corporate social performance of savings banks and cooperative banks from Aragon by analysing the information disclosed by these firms. We have developed a model to measure the corporate social performance reported by these banks, based on their interaction with their stakeholders. Moreover, the quantitative analysis is complemented by interviews. The main results show that the information on these issues disclosed in 2004-2008 is limited and mainly focuses on corporate governance and community concerns. However, we have observed a positive trend in the social performance information disclosed. The number of organisations that publish a sustainability report has grown from one in 2004 to three in 2008. This could indicate that savings banks and cooperative banks in Aragón are showing increasing interest in corporate responsibility principles and transparency. Reprinted by permission of CIRIEC-España
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