During the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), people use social media to acquire and exchange various types of information at a historic and unprecedented scale. Only the situational ...information are valuable for the public and authorities to response to the epidemic. Therefore, it is important to identify such situational information and to understand how it is being propagated on social media, so that appropriate information publishing strategies can be informed for the COVID-19 epidemic. This article sought to fill this gap by harnessing Weibo data and natural language processing techniques to classify the COVID-19-related information into seven types of situational information. We found specific features in predicting the reposted amount of each type of information. The results provide data-driven insights into the information need and public attention.
Depression is a chronic, recurring, and serious mood disorder that afflicts up to 20% of the global population. The monoamine hypothesis has dominated our understanding of the pharmacotherapy of ...depression for more than half a century; however, our understanding of the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of major depression has lagged far behind. Astrocytes are the most abundant and versatile cells in the brain, participating in most, if not all, of brain functions as both a passive housekeeper and an active player. Mounting evidence from clinical, preclinical and post‐mortem studies has revealed a decrease in the number or density of astrocytes and morphological and functional astroglial atrophy in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and in animal models of depression. Furthermore, currently available antidepressant treatments at least partially exert their therapeutic effects on astrocytes. More importantly, dysfunctional astrocytes lead to depressive‐like phenotypes in animals. Together, current studies point to astroglial pathology as the potential root cause of MDD. Thus, a shift from a neuron‐centric to an astrocyte‐centric cause of MDD has gained increasing attention during the past two decades. Here we will summarize the current evidence supporting the hypothesis that MDD is a disease of astrocyte pathology and highlight previous studies on promising strategies that directly target astrocytes for the development of novel antidepressant treatments.
Main Points
Astrocytes display morphological and functional atrophy in patients with depression.
Dysfunctional astrocytes lead to depressive‐like phenotypes.
Antidepressant treatments may exert their therapeutic effects on astrocytes.
Water waves are one of the most common phenomena in nature, the study of which helps in designing the related industries. In this paper, a generalized (
3
+
1
)-dimensional B-type ...Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation for the water waves is investigated. Gramian solutions are constructed via the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili hierarchy reduction. Based on the Gramian solutions, we construct the breathers. We graphically analyze the breather solutions and find that the breathers can be reduced to the homoclinic orbits. For the higher-order breather solutions, we obtain the mixed solutions consisting of the breathers and homoclinic orbits. According to the long-wave limit method, rational solutions are constructed. We look at two types of the rational solutions, i.e., the lump and line rogue wave solutions, and give the condition for the lumps being reduced to the line rogue waves. Taking another set of the parameters for the Gramian solutions, we also derive the kinky breather solutions which can be reduced to the kink solitons. For the higher-order kinky breather solutions, we obtain the mixed solutions consisting of the breathers and kink solitons. Combining the breather and rational solutions, we construct two kinds of the hybrid solutions composed of the breathers, lumps, line rogue waves and kink solitons. Characteristics of those hybrid solutions are graphically analyzed and the conditions for the generation of those hybrid solutions are given.
Accumulated evidence claims that urban green spaces (UGS) have a positive impact on the physical and mental health of humans. However, little information is available to clearly reveal what the most ...important driving factors are for human psychophysiological restoration. In order to unveil this uncertainty, this study employed virtual reality (VR) technology to investigate the physiological (electroencephalogram, EEG), and psychological (attention, positive mood, negative mood) responses and individual preferences for different urban environments. Participants (120) were recruited and randomly assigned to experience six different types of environments varying in land use and vegetation structures, which were: Grey space, blue space, open green space, partly open green space, partly closed green space, and closed green space. The results showed that the experience of the six environmental types through VR devices had positive restorative effects on the individuals' attentional fatigue and negative mood; however, all the participants obtained the highest levels of physiological stress restoration when asked to close their eyes for relaxation. The physiological measurements of the EEG showed no significant differences among the selected types of environments. Meanwhile, the results of the psychological measures suggested that only negative mood showed significant differences of change among the six types of environments, and while the partly open green space had the most positive effect on negative mood, the closed green space had the worst. The blue space and partly closed green space received higher recreational preference ratings than the other four environments, while the closed green space received the lowest recreational preference rating. Moreover, the findings showed that there was a strong positive correlation between people's preferences and the improvement of their positive mood. This indicated that as the popularity of a natural environment increased, so did the benefits of human health and well-being. In addition, this study shows that VR technology may be utilized as a possible surrogate measure to real scenes in evaluating human physiological and psychological restoration in the future. The present findings can provide the theoretical basis and practical guidance for future optimal planning of urban restorative environments.
Abstract
Background
The study aimed to compare efficacy and safety of various immune checkpoint inhibitors for patients with advanced or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
Methods
...We searched Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Clinical
Trials.gov
and several international conference databases from January 1, 2000 to December 19, 2021. We conducted Bayesian network meta-analysis to assess the relative effects among treatments. Outcomes included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate and adverse events.
Results
Ten eligible trials with 5250 patients were included. Toripalimab and Camrelizumab plus chemotherapy were preferred to rank first on OS (probability, 61%) and PFS (probability, 37%) in the first-line setting, respectively. In refractory patients, Sintilimab and Camrlizumab were most likely to be ranked first on OS (probability, 37%) and PFS (probability, 94%). The toxicity related to immunotherapy was manageable in clinical trials. Camrelizumab and Nivolumab had the less adverse events of grade 3 or higher in the first and refractory setting, respectively.
Conclusions
This study found that Toripalimab and Camrelizumab plus chemotherapy were likely to be the best option in terms of OS and PFS in the first-line setting for patients with advanced or metastatic ESCC respectively. Sintilimab and Camrelizumab were the preferred options for OS and PFS in refractory patients respectively. The toxicity of immunotherapy was different from conventional chemotherapy, but manageable in patients with ESCC.
Trial registration
PROSPERO registration number: (CRD 42021261554).
Being conductive and flexible, 2D transition metal nitrides and carbides (MXenes) can serve in Li–S batteries as sulfur hosts to increase the conductivity and alleviate the volume expansion. However, ...the surface functional groups, such as OH and F, weaken the ability of bare MXenes in the chemisorption of polysulfides. Besides, they create numerous hydrogen bonds which make MXenes liable to restack, resulting in substantial loss of active area and, thus, inaccessibility of ions and electrolyte. Herein, a facile, one‐step strategy is developed for the growth of TiO2 quantum dots (QDs) on ultrathin MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide‐assisted solvothermal synthesis. These QDs act as spacers to isolate the MXene nanosheets from restacking, and preserve their 2D geometry which guarantees larger electrode–electrolyte contact area and higher sulfur loading. The stronger adsorption energy of polysulfides with TiO2 (than with Ti3C2Tx), as proven by density functional theory calculations, is essential for better on‐site polysulfide retention. The ultrathin nature and protected conductivity ensure rapid ion and electron diffusion, and the excellent flexibility maintains high mechanical integrity. In result, the TiO2 QDs@MXene/S cathode exhibits significantly improved long‐term cyclability and rate capability, disclosing a new opportunity toward fast and stable Li–S batteries.
TiO2 quantum dots (QDs) are grown on ultrathin MXene nanosheets by a facile, one‐step strategy through cetyltrimethylammonium bromide‐assisted solvothermal synthesis, resulting in TiO2 QDs@MXene nanohybrids that serve as a high‐performance sulfur host toward fast and stable Li–S batteries.
Resourceful and inexpensive seawater direct splitting omits the desalination process and effectively increases the efficiency of hydrogen energy generation. However, the development of seawater ...splitting is hampered by the competing selectivity challenges from anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and chlorine evolution reaction and the issues of electrode corrosion. Herein, the borate anion‐intercalated NiV‐LDH nanoflakes/NiCoP nanowires heterostructures supported on Ni foam (2D/1D NiV‐BLDH/NiCoP/NF) is synthesized. Theoretical calculations show that a small amount of V atom doping in Ni(OH)2 is favorable for changing the electronic environment around Ni atoms via bridging Ni─O, which can construct Ni─O─V to accelerate electron transfer and promote catalytic activity. The borate anions (B(OH)4−) intercalation not only results in the good hydrophilicity and high OH− selectivity but also weakens the adsorption of chlorine (Cl−), which effectively restrains the chlorine evolution reaction. Thus, the component optimized NiV0.1‐BLDH/NiCoP/NF electrocatalyst only requires 268 mV overpotential to reach 100 mA cm−2 for OER in an alkaline environment. Particularly, the NiCoP/NF||NiV0.1‐BLDH/NiCoP/NF cell exhibits attractive overall water splitting performance with a low voltage of 1.46 and 1.53 V at 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline freshwater and alkaline seawater, respectively. The design strategy of this electrocatalyst provides a new avenue for seawater splitting.
The borate anion‐intercalated NiV‐LDH nanoflakes/NiCoP nanowires heterostructures supported on Ni foam (2D/1D NiV‐BLDH/NiCoP/NF) is synthesized as the anode materials for seawater splitting. The borate anions intercalation not only results in good hydrophilicity and high OH− selectivity but also weakens the adsorption of Cl−, which effectively avoids the chlorine evolution reaction and enhances the oxygen evolution selectivity in seawater splitting.
Transition metal‐catalyzed direct functionalization of C−H bonds is an economical and efficient way to construct complex molecules that is currently attracting tremendous attention. In particular, ...the strategy involving transition metal‐catalyzed regioselective C−H activation assisted by sulfur‐containing directing groups has been realized in the past few years in spite of sulfur's ability to poison many transition metal catalysts. This review describes the rational development of sulfur‐containing directing groups including thioethers, sulfoxides, thioamides, alkoxythiocarbonyl groups, and thioketones. Through collective efforts in the community, a range of transition metal‐catalyzed C−H activation transformations using this type of directing group has been developed.
This article describes the details of a new technique, the earworm technique, which is suitable for online music therapy in the situation of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. The technique ...was used in a music therapy service provided through a free and publicly available hotline in China during the outbreak, with satisfactory results. Of 103 cases, 83% were successful, 8% were helpful, 7% were unsuccessful, and 3% were incomplete. The technique is a combination of Erickson’s modern hypnosis techniques and music therapy. It is easy to train for and perform, making it suitable for a one-time intervention with online music therapy service.
Studies on the water waves contribute to the design of the related industries, such as the marine and offshore engineering, while the media with the negative refractive index can be applied as the ...carrier media in fiber optics. In consideration of the inhomogeneities of the media and nonuniformities of the boundaries in the real physical backgrounds, a quintic time-dependent-coefficient derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation for certain hydrodynamic wave packets or medium with the negative refractive index is investigated in this paper. Bilinear forms and the
N
-soliton solutions with respect to the nonzero background, which are different from those in the existing studies, are derived under the certain constraints. Conditions for the dark/anti-dark/gray solitons are deduced due to the properties of the solitons derived via the asymptotic analysis. Effects of the dispersion coefficient
λ
(
t
)
, self-steepening coefficient
α
(
t
)
, cubic nonlinearity
μ
(
t
)
and quintic nonlinearity
ν
(
t
)
on the interactions between the anti-dark and gray solitons under the certain condition are investigated. Interactions among the dark, anti-dark and gray solitons are discussed under two cases: when
α
(
t
)
/
λ
(
t
)
and
μ
(
t
)
/
λ
(
t
)
are the constants, whether the interaction is elastic or not depends on whether
λ
(
t
)
,
α
(
t
)
and
μ
(
t
)
are the constants or the functions of
t
; when
α
(
t
)
/
λ
(
t
)
and
μ
(
t
)
/
λ
(
t
)
are related to
t
, if the velocity of the soliton is a periodic function of
t
, the propagation of the corresponding soliton is periodic and the corresponding interaction is inelastic. Interactions among the three/four solitons are described to be elastic or inelastic based on the changes in the velocities and waveforms of the three/four solitons after the interactions.
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