IMERG V06: Changes to the Morphing Algorithm Tan, Jackson; Huffman, George J; Bolvin, David T ...
Journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology,
12/2019, Volume:
36, Issue:
12
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
As the US Science Team’s globally gridded precipitation product from the NASA/JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) estimates ...the surface precipitation rates at 0.1° every half-hour using spaceborne sensors for various scientific and societal applications. One key component of IMERG is the morphing algorithm, which uses motion vectors to perform quasi-Lagrangian interpolation to fill in gaps in the passive microwave precipitation field using motion vectors. Up to IMERG V05, the motion vectors were derived from the large-scale motions of infrared observations of cloud tops. This study details the changes introduced in IMERG V06 to derive motion vectors from large-scale motions of selected atmospheric variables in numerical models, which allow IMERG estimates to be extended from the 60°N/S latitude band to the entire globe. Evaluation against both instantaneous passive microwave retrievals and ground measurements demonstrates the general improvement in the precipitation field of the new approach. Most of the model variables tested exhibited similar performance, but total precipitable water vapor was chosen as the source of the motion vectors for IMERG V06 due to its competitive performance and global completeness. Continuing assessments will provide further insights into possible refinements of this revised morphing scheme in future versions of IMERG.
Diurnal Cycle of IMERG V06 Precipitation Tan, Jackson; Huffman, George J; Bolvin, David T ...
Geophysical research letters,
28 November 2019, Volume:
46, Issue:
22
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This study demonstrates the maturing ability of the half-hourly precipitation estimates from the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) for use in global analyses of the diurnal cycle. ...The refined intercalibration and interpolation between the sensors in V06 leads to greater consistency in the precipitation retrievals over different hours of the day. Evaluation against ground measurements suggests a slight lag in the diurnal phase of only +0.59 h. We demonstrate the diurnal cycle over different regions around the globe, including the Maritime Continent, where accurate representation of precipitation variability in global models remains a challenge. Using examples over Singapore, Bangladesh, and Lake Victoria, we reveal the intricate interplay between diurnal and seasonal variability. This study demonstrates the unprecedented capability of IMERG in capturing the diurnal cycle of precipitation globally, potentially advancing our understanding in regions of sparse ground measurements and supporting improvements in its representation in global models.
The GPCP has developed Version 2.1 of its long‐term (1979–present) global Satellite‐Gauge (SG) data sets to take advantage of the improved GPCC gauge analysis, which is one key input. As well, the ...OPI estimates used in the pre‐SSM/I era have been rescaled to 20 years of the SSM/I‐era SG. The monthly, pentad, and daily GPCP products have been entirely reprocessed, continuing to require that the submonthly estimates sum to the monthly. Version 2.1 is close to Version 2, with the global ocean, land, and total values about 0%, 6%, and 2% higher, respectively. The revised long‐term global precipitation rate is 2.68 mm/d. The corresponding tropical (25°N‐S) increases are 0%, 7%, and 3%. Long‐term linear changes in the data tend to be smaller in Version 2.1, but the statistics are sensitive to the threshold for land/ocean separation and use of the pre‐SSM/I part of the record.
A synthetic approach to paxilline indole diterpenes is described. The route to the pentacyclic core relies on a new regioselective alkenylation of ketones and a tandem radical addition–aldol ...reaction sequence to access vicinal quaternary stereocenters. Emindole SB, the simplest member of the family, is synthesized in 11 steps from commercially available material to demonstrate the application of this approach.
We quantified prosthesis embodiment and phantom pain reduction associated with motor control and sensory feedback from a prosthetic hand in one human with a long-term transradial amputation. ...Microelectrode arrays were implanted in the residual median and ulnar arm nerves and intramuscular electromyography recording leads were implanted in residual limb muscles to enable sensory feedback and motor control. Objective measures (proprioceptive drift) and subjective measures (survey answers) were used to assess prosthesis embodiment. For both measures, there was a significant level of embodiment of the physical prosthetic limb after open-loop motor control of the prosthesis (i.e., without sensory feedback), open-loop sensation from the prosthesis (i.e., without motor control), and closed-loop control of the prosthesis (i.e., motor control with sensory feedback). There was also a statistically significant reduction in reported phantom pain after experimental sessions that included open-loop nerve microstimulation, open-loop prosthesis motor control, or closed-loop prosthesis motor control. The closed-loop condition provided no additional significant improvements in phantom pain reduction or prosthesis embodiment relative to the open-loop sensory condition or the open-loop motor condition. This study represents the first long-term (14-month), systematic report of phantom pain reduction and prosthesis embodiment in a human amputee across a variety of prosthesis use cases.
Neurons in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) integrate negative emotions with the autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune systems to facilitate responses to threat. Modern functional track tracing in ...animals and optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques show that the PAG is a rich substrate for the integration of active and passive responses to threat. In humans, the same regions of the PAG that give rise to adaptive anger/fight, fear/panic, depression/shutdown, pain, and predatory behaviors in response to challenging situations or overwhelming threats can become activated pathologically, resulting in symptoms that resemble those of psychiatric disorders. This review coalesces human and animal studies to link PAG neuropathways to specific elements of psychiatric diagnoses. The insights gained from this overview may eventually lead to new therapeutic interventions.
New animal/rodent data that utilize modern functional track tracing with optogenetics and designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDS) technology show that the periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a rich substrate for the integration of active and passive responses to threat. Human data suggest that the PAG may be dysregulated in psychopathology that drives maladaptive behavior.
The neural circuit that connects the frontal cortex, amygdala, PAG, and pons medulla is hypothesized to be a focal point for psychopathology where stress and threat converge to usurp decision making for stimulus-appropriate motivated behavior.
Zinc plays a pivotal role in wound repair, tissue regeneration, and the immune response. Although zinc deficiency is common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the impact of low serum ...zinc levels on disease course is not known.
Patients enrolled in a prospectively collected IBD registry with at least 2 serum zinc measurements were included in the analysis. Using a logistic regression model, rates of IBD-related surgeries, IBD-related hospitalizations, and IBD-related complications were evaluated after a diagnosis of zinc deficiency (serum concentration <0.66 μg/mL) compared with those with normal zinc concentrations. In patients who were zinc deficient, outcomes were also analyzed between those who had normalization of zinc levels within 12 months and those who remained deficient.
A total of 773 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 223 with ulcerative colitis (UC) were included in the analysis. After adjusting for covariates, zinc deficiency was associated with an increased risk of subsequent hospitalizations, surgeries, and disease-related complications in patients with CD and UC (CD: hospitalizations, odds ratio 1.44, 95% confidence interval 1.02-2.04; surgeries, 2.05 1.38-3.05; complications, 1.50 1.04-2.15; UC: hospitalizations, 2.14 1.07-4.29; surgeries, 1.64 0.59-4.52; complications, 1.97 0.94-4.11). Normalization of zinc was associated with improvement in these outcomes in patients with both CD and UC.
Patients with IBD with serum zinc deficiency are more likely to have adverse disease-specific outcomes. As these outcomes improve with normalization of zinc, the results from this study support the role for close monitoring and replacement of zinc in patients with IBD.
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are strongly associated with dysregulated glucose and lipid metabolism, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We report that inhibition of the kinase ...(BDK) or overexpression of the phosphatase (PPM1K) that regulates branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), the committed step of BCAA catabolism, lowers circulating BCAA, reduces hepatic steatosis, and improves glucose tolerance in the absence of weight loss in Zucker fatty rats. Phosphoproteomics analysis identified ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) as an alternate substrate of BDK and PPM1K. Hepatic overexpression of BDK increased ACL phosphorylation and activated de novo lipogenesis. BDK and PPM1K transcript levels were increased and repressed, respectively, in response to fructose feeding or expression of the ChREBP-β transcription factor. These studies identify BDK and PPM1K as a ChREBP-regulated node that integrates BCAA and lipid metabolism. Moreover, manipulation of the BDK:PPM1K ratio relieves key metabolic disease phenotypes in a genetic model of severe obesity.
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•Lowering the BDK:PPM1K ratio improves glucose and lipid homeostasis in obese rats•ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) is an alternate BDK/PPM1K substrate•Overexpression of BDK in liver increases ACL phosphorylation and de novo lipogenesis•The ChREBP-β transcription factor increases BDK and decreases PPM1K expression
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are strongly associated with metabolic diseases. White et al. demonstrate that the kinase (BDK) and phosphatase (PPM1K) that regulate a rate-limiting BCAA metabolic enzyme, BCKDH, also regulate ATP-citrate lyase, a key lipogenic enzyme, thus identifying a new regulatory node that integrates BCAA and lipid metabolism.
Following a proposal made by the French and German Ministers for Foreign Affairs at the November 2020 Paris Peace Forum, 4 global partners, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World ...Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the World Health Organization (WHO), in May 2021 established the interdisciplinary One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP) (https://www.who.int/groups/one-health-high-level-expert-panel) to enhance their cross-sectoral collaboration. There is no shortage of “One Health” definitions in the published literature and among institutions and organizations. ...an immediate priority for OHHLEP was to develop consensus around a working definition as a solid basis to support a common understanding among the panel members and the partner organizations. Key underlying principles including 1. equity between sectors and disciplines; 2. sociopolitical and multicultural parity (the doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities) and inclusion and engagement of communities and marginalized voices; 3. socioecological equilibrium that seeks a harmonious balance between human–animal–environment interaction and acknowledging the importance of biodiversity, access to sufficient natural space and resources, and the intrinsic value of all living things within the ecosystem; 4. stewardship and the responsibility of humans to change behavior and adopt sustainable solutions that recognize the importance of animal welfare and the integrity of the whole ecosystem, thus securing the well-being of current and future generations; and 5. transdisciplinarity and multisectoral collaboration, which includes all relevant disciplines, both modern and traditional forms of knowledge and a broad representative array of perspectives. PLoS Pathog 18(6): e1010537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010537 About the Authors: One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP) Wiku B. Adisasmito Affiliation: Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia Salama Almuhairi Affiliation: National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Casey Barton Behravesh Affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America Pépé Bilivogui Affiliation: World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea Salome A. Bukachi Affiliation: Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya Natalia Casas Affiliation: National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina Natalia Cediel Becerra Affiliation: School of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia Dominique F. Charron Affiliation: International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada Abhishek Chaudhary Affiliation: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur, India Janice R. Ciacci Zanella Affiliation: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil Andrew A. Cunningham Affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom Osman Dar Affiliations Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom, Global Health Programme, Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom Nitish Debnath Affiliation: Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh Baptiste Dungu Affiliations Afrivet B M, Pretoria, South Africa, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo Elmoubasher Farag Affiliation: Ministry of Public Health, Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Division, Doha, Qatar George F. Gao Affiliation: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China David T. S. Hayman Affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Margaret Khaitsa Affiliation: Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi,
A new catalytic radical-polar crossover annulation between two unsaturated carbonyl compounds is described. The annulation proceeds under exceptionally mild conditions and provides direct and ...expedient access to complex terpenoid motifs. Application of this chemistry allows for synthesis of forskolin, a densely functionalized terpenoid, in 14 steps from commercially available material.
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