An analysis of profitability and effects of land consolidation (LC) projects has been made in this paper. The measurable effects of land consolidation resulting from land consolidation goals such as: ...increase of average area of parcel, decrease of average number of parcels per participant as well as the change in the area of road and canal networks after the land consolidation projects were considered. Profitability was analysed from the aspect of return on investments and net present value of investment in land consolidation. Materials and methods for this study encompass a representative sample from Vojvodina, a part of the Republic of Serbia which is flatland and predominately orientated to agricultural production. The study results indicate that the effects of land consolidation are good and that land consolidation projects are highly profitable.
The management of forest resources is complicated due to the complete lack of maintenance and disorganization of the land administration and survey that are decades old. Modern, unconventional ...monitoring systems are used with the aim of improving the existing records systems and creating a clearer insight into the state of forest resources. This study provides an example of the use of one such system, Sentinel-2. Using the R programming language, the multispectral Sentinel-2 images were classified by the Random Forest classification algorithm. Following the completion of the classifications, the accuracy of the classification was evaluated using the error matrix and the Kappa value. An analysis of forest resources for one cadastral municipality was accomplished using classified rasters and data from the Real Estate Cadastre Database. Based on the data analysis, major changes are visible in terms of the abandonment of agricultural land and its conversion into a certain form of forest vegetation. Furthermore, based on these data, the study demonstrates changes that can be monitored in shorter time intervals. Sentinel-2 images can be used to determine forest expansion, based on the aforementioned analyses, resulting in a clearer and better representation of existing forest resources that are unknown due to outdated and unreliable land administration systems.
Gospodarenje šumskim resurima otežano je u uvjetima potpune neažurnosti i neuređenosti desetljećima starog sustava evidencije i izmjere. U svrhu poboljšanja postojećih evidencijskih sustava i stvaranja jasnijeg uvida u stanje šumskog bogatstva koriste se nekonvencionalni, suvremeni sustavi praćenja. Korištenje daljinskog istraživanja za procjenu šumskog bogatstva je važno, jer se inženjeri šumarstva i šumarske ustanove ne mogu pouzdati u postojeće evidencije preuzete iz katastra nekretnina kako bi utvrdili opseg šumskog bogatstva.Za demonstraciju korištenja daljinskog istraživanja u svrhu utvrđivanja opsega šumskog bogatstva preuzete su satelitske snimke Sentinel-2 za 2017. i 2022. godinu, kao i podaci iz baze podataka katastra nekretnina k.o. (katastarske općine) Brezici, slika 1. Preuzete multispektralne Sentinel-2 slike klasificirane su na temelju Random Forest klasifikacijskog algoritma, korištenjem programskog jezika R. Tijek procesa obrade podataka prikazan je na slici 2. Nakon završenih klasifikacija, točnost klasifikacije procijenjena je na temelju matrice pogrešaka i Kappa vrijednosti. Parametri točnosti za klasificirane snimke prikazani su u tablici 1. U prvom dijelu analize rezultata obavljeno je vizualno i numeričko preklapanje klasificiranih Sentinel-2 rastera iz 2017. i 2022. godine. Analiza je provedena s ciljem prikazivanja promjena koje se događaju na ograničenim područjima u kratkim vremenskim intervalima, slika 3. Drugi dio analize odnosi se na usporedbu podataka katastra nekretnina za k.o. Brezici nastalih na temelju izmjere i Sentinel-2 snimki iz 2022. godine, slika 4. i tablica 2. Cilj ovog dijela rada je pokazati razliku između stvarnog i katastarskog stanja. Na slici 5. i tablici 3. prikazane su razlike u načinu korištenja između katastra i Sentinel-2 snimki, što ukazuje na promjene nastale napuštanjem poljoprivrednog zemljišta i njegovom prenamjenom u određeni oblik šumske vegetacije. Prema bazi podataka katastra nekretnina, 26% ukupnog teritorija k.o. Brezici prekriveno je šumom, dok je zahvaljujući snimkama Sentinel-2 69% teritorija izdvojeno pod nekim oblikom visoke vegetacije, tablica 4. Analize pokazuju da se Sentinel-2 snimke mogu uspješno koristiti za utvrđivanje obuhvata šuma s ciljem boljeg i kvalitetnijeg prikaza postojećih šumskih resursa koji su nepoznati zbog zastarjelih i nepouzdanih sustava evidencije.
The development of the State Border Geoinformation System of the Republic of Croatia (SBGiS), based on open-source technologies, has facilitated and accelerated the storage, processing, handling, ...analysis and visualization of large amounts of spatial data used in open border issues, as well as standard affairs on maintaining the regulated state border of the Republic of Croatia. Centralized data storage and their spatial visualization through an interactive map allows citizens to see the situation at the state border in real time, which significantly increases the safety of movement in the border zone, but also aids in the prevention of state border breaches. The SBGiS is the only system that has been established not only for maintaining a regulated state border but also for resolving border disputes and delimitation procedures. At the end of the paper, a proposal for future system upgrades is given.
Razvoj Geoinformacijskog sustava državne granice Republike Hrvatske (GiSDG), baziranog na tehnologijama otvorenog koda, olakšao je i ubrzao pohranu, obradu, rukovanje, analiziranje i vizualizaciju velike količine prostornih podatka koji se upotrebljavaju u poslovima koji su vezani za rješavanje otvorenih graničnih pitanja te u standardnim poslovima na održavanju uređene državne granice Republike Hrvatske. Centralizirana pohrana podataka i njihova prostorna vizualizacija putem interaktivne karte omogućuje građanima uvid u stanje državne granice u realnom vremenu, čime se značajno povećava sigurnost kretanja u pograničnom pojasu, ali i prevencija povrede državne granice. Geoinformacijski sustav državne granice jedini je sustav koji je uspostavljen ne samo u funkciji održavanja uređene državne granice, već i u funkciji rješavanja graničnih sporova i postupaka razgraničenja. U radu je na kraju dan prijedlog budućih nadogradnji sustava.
Obnavljanje visinskog sustava periodičan je proces kojem je svrha da se različitim korisnicima kontinuirano osigura kvalitetan, pouzdan i ažuran visinski podatak. Zbog zastarjelosti visinskih ...podataka Republici Hrvatskoj predstoji obnova referentnoga visinskog sustava. U radu se istražuje kako su neke europske zemlje pristupile rješavanju tog problema te se na pregledan način prikazuju visinski sustavi u tim zemljama. Prilikom obnove temeljne mreže geometrijskog nivelmana u Republici Hrvatskoj morat će se uzeti u obzir činjenica da su na prostoru bivše zajedničke države nastale nove države, potreba za prihvaćanjem novoga visinskog sustava (normalni ili ortometrijski) te važnost nivelmanskih vlakova u susjednim državama za konfiguraciju nacionalne temeljne nivelmanske mreže.
The paper explains the ways of modelling a distortion as a phenomenon caused by different amount and orientation of the residuals-coordinate corrections between initial and target coordinate system ...at different locations and using the lattice grid models. In order to show more clearly the topographic terrain modelling, the application of triangular meshes i.e. TIN models is explained. The paper describes the collocation by least squares method that takes into account the impact of the distortions of neighbouring points in the observation point depending on the distance from the observation point. To model the final distortion computed by least squares collocation as smoothly as possible, the input values of distortion (positional and/or altitude residuals remaining after calculating transformation parameters) the concept of moving average is described, as well as the covariance function that is used to describe the influence of spatial distortion as function of distance. Using Briggs algorithm throughout GRID, the difference between two types of nodes is explained - those that have perceived the distortion in their neighbourhood and those without close observation. Further, the deficiency of Briggs's method is processed that is primarily intended for highly polished so-called potential models. At the end, the formula for assessing the accuracy of the transformation GRID model is given.
U ovome radu prikazani su rezultati analize realizacije poljozaštitnih šumskih pojaseva u postupku komasacije. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćena tri karakteristična projekta komasacije u Autonomnoj ...pokrajini Vojvodini, kroz čije provođenje je trebalo realizirati i projekte poljozaštitnih šumskih pojaseva. S obzirom da se izabrani projekti nalaze u različitim dijelovima područja istraživanja, zaključci izvedeni u ovome radu mogu se smatrati reprezentativnim za teritorij Vojvodine. Studija je pokazala da nije iskorištena prilika za povećanjem šumovitosti Vojvodine, odnosno da projekti poljozaštitnih šumskih pojaseva nisu uopće razmatrani u postupku komasacije ili ako su i uzimani u obzir, zemljište odvojeno za njih nikad nije privedeno namjeni.
The forests as a necessary condition for human civilization existence also are of great ecological and economic importance. This fact is often neglected in practice despite the fact on wide spread scientific knowledge about it. The authors noticed that practice and made research about shelterbelts realization in the numerous cases of theoretical researches as well as in projects of land consolidation projects in Serbia (mostly of them provided in Autonomous Province of Vojvodina as a region where agricultural land dominates). The benefits of shelterbelts are well known from scientific literature and practice for agricultural land protection, but the realization of them in concrete projects are connected with a lot of obstacles. In this paper more than the author ivestigated the projects of land consolidation from the aspect of the chances for building shelterbelts and their realization in practice. The research provided on more than eight hunderd projects of land consolidation has shown that only in a few of them the shelterbelts were forseen and no one of them was realized as designed. The reasons are mostly connected with the resistance of participants in land consolidation to give up of their land for shelterbelts building, with lack of capacities for seedlings providing and with the insufficient attention paid to this issue in legal regulation.
In this paper the results of analysis of shelterbelts in the process of land consolidation are shown. Research encompassed three different and distinguished projects of land consolidation in Autonomous Province of Vojvodina - The Republic of Serbia, through which realization was required to provide the projects of shelterbelts. Bearing in mind that chosen projects are spread in different geographical areas of research fields, the conclusions obtained in this paper could be considered as representative for Vojvodina. The Vojvodina is especcialy interesting for research because this region is lacking with forest. To reach the standards of 0.16 hecteares per citizen the woodlands in Vojvodina shall be increased from actual value of 193,621 hectares to the values of 308,045 hectares. Bearing in mind that importance of agricultural land and its preservation in the future from the aspect of sustainable development the land consolidation projects are the best chance for reaching before mention goal of increasing woodlands in Vojvodina. The study has shown that chance for increasing forest area in Vojvodina was not utilized, i.e. that projects of shelterbelts were not taken into consideration, and even if they were, the considered area was never brought to the designed goals. The visualization of project solutions and the actual implementation of the shelterbelts in the considered municipalities is shown in Figures 1-6. Overview of the number of analyzed projects of land consolidation, the number of land consolidation projects where was planned the establishment of shelterbelts and the number of land consolidation projects where are realized shelterbelts is given in Table 1.
The actual object movements can be examined by well designed and carefully performed observations and measurements. The processed and adjusted data are a precondition for analysis and interpretations ...of short and long-term predictions of object functionality. Beside periodic deformation observations, experimental measurements could be performed on selected objects. The purpose of such work is to determine the accuracy and improve the applied methods of measurement based on the analysis of theoretical errors and actual values of the facility shifts on a daily basis. On the business tower "Zagrepčanka" the GNSS measurements in relation to the nearest reference station from CROPOS (Croatian Positioning System) network were performed, combined with geometric levelling and gravity measurements. Analysis of measurement results that are presented in this paper provides an answer to the question to what extent one method can be controlled by another, or to what extent the application of a combination of different surveying methods affects the quality of the interpretation of the results.
U radu je dan prijedlog dopune gravimetrijske mreže 0. reda Republike Hrvatske. Dan je pregled važećih domaćih propisa i međunarodnih standarda relevantnih za uspostavu gravimetrijske mreže 0. reda, ...stabilizaciju apsolutnih gravimetrijskih točaka te uspostavu ECGN postaja. Analizirano je stanje postojeće gravimetrijske mreže 0. reda. Utvrđeno je da gravimetrijska mreža 0. reda obuhvaća nedovoljan broj (četiri) pouzdano određenih apsolutnih točaka koje zadovoljavaju međunarodne kriterije za stabilizaciju apsolutnih gravimetrijskih točaka. Također, apsolutna gravimetrijska mjerenja na točkama 0. reda obavljena su prije 13, odnosno 17 godina (ovisno o točki) pa je nužno što prije obaviti novu seriju apsolutnih mjerenja. Nadalje, dan je prijedlog dopune gravimetrijske mreže 0. reda s četiri (ili alternativno tri) nove točke (u Čakovcu, Zaboku, Gospiću i Splitu) i predložena je lokacija u Rovinju za premještanje postojeće točke u Puli. Prijedlogom za dopunu vodilo se računa da točke gravimetrijske mreže 0. reda ujedno posluže i za uspostavu nove horizontalne i vertikalne gravimetrijske kalibracijske baze, te da omoguće uspostavu jedne do dvije ECGN postaje na hrvatskom teritoriju.
PDF
