2D layered materials have sparked great interest from the perspective of basic physics and applied science in the past few years. Extraordinarily, many novel stacked structures that bring versatile ...properties and applications can be artificially assembled, as exemplified by vertical van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures, twisted multilayer 2D materials, hybrid dimensional structures, etc. Compared with the ordinary synthesis process, the stacking technique is a powerful strategy to achieve high‐quality and freely controlled 2D material stacked structures with atomic accuracy. This review highlights the most advanced stacking techniques involving the preparation, transfer, and stacking of high‐quality single crystal 2D materials. Apart from the 2D–2D stacked structures, 2D–0D, 2D–1D, and 2D–3D structures offer a prospective platform for the increasing application of 2D materials. The assembly strategy and physical properties of these stacked structures strongly depend on the factors in the stacking process, including the surface quality, angle control, and sample size. In addition, comparative analysis tables on the techniques involved are also available. The summary of these strategies and techniques will hopefully provide a valuable reference for relevant work.
2D stacked structures are being rapidly developed. However, the assembly and integration techniques of 2D material‐based devices are still subject to many restrictions, seriously hindering the design and development of new functional devices. As one of the most important aspects, 2D material stacking techniques are systematically summarized and analyzed in this review.
Ionogels have gained increasing attentions as a flexible conductive material. However, it remains a big challenge to integrate multiple functions into one gel that can be widely applied in various ...complex scenes. Herein, a kind of multifunctional ionogels with a combination of desirable properties, including transparency, high stretchability, solvent and temperature resistance, recyclability, high conductivity, underwater self‐healing ability, and underwater adhesiveness is reported. The ionogels are prepared via one‐step photoinitiated polymerization of 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl acrylate and acrylamide in a hydrophobic ionic liquid. The abundant noncovalent interactions including hydrogen bonding and ion–dipole interactions endow the ionogels with excellent mechanical strength, resilience, and rapid self‐healing capability at room temperature, while the fluorine‐rich polymeric matrix brings in high tolerance against water and various organic solvents, as well as tough underwater adhesion on different substrates. Wearable strain sensors based on the ionogels can sensitively detect and differentiate large body motions, such as bending of limbs, walking and jumping, as well as subtle muscle movements, such as pronunciation and pulse. It is believed that the designed ionogels will show great promises in wearable devices and ionotronics.
A physically crosslinked multifunctional ionogel is designed and prepared via a simple one‐step photoinitiated polymerization of a fluorinated monomer and a hydrogen bond enabling comonomer in a hydrophobic ionic liquid. The ionogels possess excellent comprehensive performance, including high transparency, robust mechanical properties, self‐healing and self‐adhesion in air/underwater, easy recyclability, solvent tolerance, and sensitive and reliable strain sensing.
Compared with conventional tumor photothermal therapy (PTT), mild‐temperature PTT brings less damage to normal tissues, but also tumor thermoresistance, introduced by the overexpressed heat shock ...protein (HSP). A high dose of HSP inhibitor during mild‐temperature PTT might lead to toxic side effects. Glucose oxidase (GOx) consumes glucose, leading to adenosine triphosphate supply restriction and consequent HSP inhibition. Therefore, a combinational use of an HSP inhibitor and GOx not only enhances mild‐temperature PTT but also minimizes the toxicity of the inhibitor. However, a GOx and HSP inhibitor‐encapsulating nanostructure, designed for enhancing its mild‐temperature tumor PTT efficiency, has not been reported. Thermosensitive GOx/indocyanine green/gambogic acid (GA) liposomes (GOIGLs) are reported to enhance the efficiency of mild‐temperature PTT of tumors via synergistic inhibition of tumor HSP by the released GA and GOx, together with another enzyme‐enhanced phototherapy effect. In vitro and in vivo results indicate that this strategy of tumor starvation and phototherapy significantly enhances mild‐temperature tumor PTT efficiency. This strategy could inspire people to design more delicate platforms combining mild‐temperature PTT with other therapeutic methods for more efficient cancer treatment.
Thermosensitive liposomes made of DPPC and DSPE‐PEG2000 encapsulating GOx, ICG, and GA are presented. This system is used for synergistic starvation therapy, EEPT, and enhanced mild‐temperature PTT against tumors.
Particulate matter (PM) pollutants, including nanoscale particles (NPs), have been considered serious threats to public health. In this work, a self-powered air filter that can be used in ...high-efficiency removal of PM, including NPs, is presented. An ionic liquid-polymer (ILP) composite is irregularly distributed onto a sponge network to form an ILP@MF filter. Enabled by its unique electrochemical properties, the ILP@MF filter can remove PM
and PM
with high efficiencies of 99.59% and 99.75%, respectively, after applying a low voltage. More importantly, the charged ILP@MF filter realizes a superior removal for NPs with an efficiency of 93.77%. A micro-button lithium cell or silicon-based solar panel is employed as a power supply platform to fabricate a portable and self-powered face mask, which exhibits excellent efficacy in particulate removal compared to commercial masks. This work shows a great promise for high-performance purification devices and facile mask production to remove particulate pollutants.
Background: Whether a minimal width of keratinized mucosa (KM) is required to maintain peri‐implant tissue health has been a topic of interest. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aims to ...investigate the effect of KM on various peri‐implant health‐related parameters.
Methods: An electronic search of five databases (from 1965 to October 2012) and a hand search of peer‐reviewed journals for relevant articles were performed. Human cross‐sectional or longitudinal studies with data on the relationship between the amount of KM around dental implants and various peri‐implant parameters, with a follow‐up period of at least 6 months, were included.
Results: Eleven studies, seven cross‐sectional and four longitudinal, were included. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and confidence interval (CI) were calculated with meta‐analyses for each clinical parameter. The results showed statistically significant differences in plaque index (PI) and modified PI (WMD = −0.27, 95% CI = −0.43 to −0.11), modified gingival index (mGI) (WMD = −0.48, 95% CI = −0.70 to −0.27), mucosal recession (MR) (WMD = −0.60 mm, 95% CI = −0.85 to −0.36 mm), and attachment loss (AL) (WMD = −0.35 mm, 95% CI = −0.65 mm to −0.06 mm), all favoring implants with wide KM. However, comparisons of other parameters (bleeding on probing, modified bleeding index, GI, probing depth, and radiographic bone loss) did not reach statistically significant differences. The result of heterogeneity test showed only one parameter (AL, P value for the χ2 test = 0.30 and I2 test = 18%) had a low degree of heterogeneity among analyzed studies; meta‐analyses of other parameters presented moderate‐to‐high degree of heterogeneity. Limitations of the present review include limited number of selected studies (n = 11), existence of heterogeneity and publication bias, and only English‐written articles searched.
Conclusion: Based on current available evidence, a lack of adequate KM around endosseous dental implants is associated with more plaque accumulation, tissue inflammation, MR, and AL.
Relatively low reactivity hinders using chlorodifluoromethane (ClCF
H) for general difluoromethylation with organic molecules, despite its availability as an inexpensive industrial chemical. To date, ...transformations of ClCF
H are very limited and most of them involve difluorocarbene intermediate. Here, we describe a strategy for difluoromethylation of aromatics through nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of ClCF
H with readily accessible (hetero)aryl chlorides. The reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions with high efficiency and features synthetic simplicity without preformation of arylmetals and broad substrate scope, including a variety of heteroaromatics and commercially available pharmaceuticals. The reliable practicability and scalability of the current nickel-catalyzed process has also been demonstrated by several 10-g scale reactions without loss of reaction efficiency. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction starts from the oxidative addition of aryl chlorides to Ni(0) and a difluoromethyl radical is involved in the reaction, providing a route for applications of ClCF
H in organic synthesis and related chemistry.
Aims
This review aimed at investigating the effect of membrane exposure on guided bone regeneration (GBR) outcomes at peri‐implant sites and edentulous ridges.
Material and Methods
Electronic and ...manual literature searches were conducted by two independent reviewers using four databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, for articles up to February 2017. Articles were included if they were human clinical trials or case series reporting outcomes of GBR procedures with and without membrane exposure. A random‐effects meta‐analysis was conducted, and the weighted mean difference (WMD) between the two groups and 95% confidence interval (CI) were reported.
Results
Overall, eight articles were included in the quantitative analysis. The WMD of the horizontal bone gain at edentulous ridges was −76.24% (95% CI = −137.52% to −14.97%, p = .01) between sites with membrane exposure and without exposure. In addition, the WMD of the dehiscence reduction at peri‐implant sites was −27.27% (95% CI of −45.87% to −8.68%, p = .004). Both analyses showed significantly favorable outcomes at the sites without membrane exposure.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of this study, membrane exposure after GBR procedures has a significant detrimental influence on the outcome of bone augmentation. For the edentulous ridges, the sites without membrane exposure achieved 74% more horizontal bone gain than the sites with exposure. For peri‐implant dehiscence defects, the sites without membrane exposure had 27% more defect reduction than the sites with exposure.
Membrane separation properties are constrained by a tradeoff relationship between permeability and selectivity. This tradeoff relationship has been well established for gas separation membranes in ...the form of the Robeson's upper bound. In contrast, the upper bound relationship is much less established for thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide membranes used for desalination. In this work, we analyzed the tradeoff between the water permeance and the water/NaCl selectivity for TFC membranes gathered from more than 300 published papers. A clear upper bound behavior relationship is established, and the various effects of membrane synthesis conditions and modifications are reviewed in relation to this permeance-selectivity tradeoff. Our work provides a critical tool for the evaluation and benchmarking of future membrane development works in the context of desalination and water reuse.
Display omitted
•TFC polyamide membranes are constrained by permeance-selectivity tradeoff.•An upper bound is established based on TFC membranes from >300 papers.•The upper bound is given by A/B = 16000A−3.2 (A/B in bar−1 and A in Lm−2h−1bar−1).•The effects of various parameters on membrane performance are summarized.
Background
It is thought that infrabony defect morphology affects the outcome of periodontal regenerative surgery. However, this has not been systematically investigated.
Aims
To investigate how well ...defect morphology is described in papers reporting regenerative therapy of periodontal infrabony defects and to investigate its effect on clinical and radiographic outcomes.
Materials and Methods
A search was conducted in 3 electronic databases for publications reporting clinical and radiographic outcomes of periodontal intra‐bony defects after regenerative therapy, divided by defect morphology.
Results
The initial search resulted in 4487 papers, reduced to 143 after first and second screening. Fifteen of these publications were suitable for a fixed‐effects meta‐analysis. Initial defect depth was found to influence radiographic bone gain 12 months post‐surgery, while narrower angles and increased number of walls influenced both radiographic bone gain and clinical attachment level (CAL) gain at 12 months. These associations seemed to occur irrespective of biomaterials used. Risk of bias ranged from low to high.
Conclusion
Deeper defects with narrower angles and increased number of walls exhibit improved CAL and radiographic bone gain at 12 months post‐regenerative surgery. More data are needed about other aspects of defect morphology such as extension to buccal/lingual surfaces.
The irregular domain and lack of ordering make it challenging to design deep neural networks for point cloud processing. This paper presents a novel framework named
Point Cloud Transformer
(PCT) for ...point cloud learning. PCT is based on Transformer, which achieves huge success in natural language processing and displays great potential in image processing. It is inherently permutation invariant for processing a sequence of points, making it well-suited for point cloud learning. To better capture local context within the point cloud, we enhance input embedding with the support of farthest point sampling and nearest neighbor search. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the PCT achieves the state-of-the-art performance on shape classification, part segmentation, semantic segmentation, and normal estimation tasks.
PDF
