Ever-increasing demand and production of lithium-ion batteries result in disposal problems. There is little known information about recycling lithium-ion batteries from consumer electronics in China, ...despite China is the largest lithium-ion battery manufacturer and consumer. To address this gap, this paper aims at investigating the current status of recycling spent lithium-ion batteries from consumer electronics in China, and to provide recommendations for improving spent lithium-ion battery recycling rate. Generation, collection and recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries were investigated using a combined methodology consists of online surveys, field investigations and estimations. The survey shows that although respondents have expressed their willingness towards recycling, most of them did not know where to send their spent lithium-ion batteries. Field investigations were carried out to trace the material flow of spent lithium-ion batteries in current waste electric and electronic equipment collection systems. It was found that the spent lithium-ion batteries are not included in current collection systems, as only few recycling practitioners are collecting spent lithium-ion batteries. Inadequate supply was found to have a significant impact on current recycling industry. Combining official statistics, survey results and actual throughput of the recycling plants, it was roughly estimated that less than 10% of lithium-ion batteries used in consumer electronics are currently recycled, while others always end up in idle or landfill. This study provides essential information on status quo of recycling lithium-ion batteries from consumer electronics in China including consumers' behaviours, recycling practices and estimated recycling rate. Further, policy implications were proposed with the purpose of promoting recycling rates of spent LIBs from CEs.
•People's disposal behaviours and attitudes on spent LIBs recycling are surveyed.•Collecting spent LIBs is not included in the current WEEE collection systems.•Inadequate supply of spent LIBs limits the throughputs of disposers.•The current collection and recycling rates of spent LIBs are less than 10%.•Policy implications are proposed to promote the recycling rates of LIBs.
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic psychiatric illness characterized by harmful drinking patterns leading to negative emotional, physical, and social ramifications. While the underlying ...pathophysiology of AUD is poorly understood, there is substantial evidence for a genetic component; however, identification of universal genetic risk variants for AUD has been difficult. Recent efforts in the search for AUD susceptibility genes will be reviewed in this article.
In this review, we provide an overview of genetic studies on AUD, including twin studies, linkage studies, candidate gene studies, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
Several potential genetic susceptibility factors for AUD have been identified, but the genes of alcohol metabolism, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), have been found to be protective against the development of AUD. GWAS have also identified a heterogeneous list of SNPs associated with AUD and alcohol-related phenotypes, emphasizing the complexity and heterogeneity of the disorder. In addition, many of these findings have small effect sizes when compared to alcohol metabolism genes, and biological relevance is often unknown.
Although studies spanning multiple approaches have suggested a genetic basis for AUD, identification of the genetic risk variants has been challenging. Some promising results are emerging from GWAS studies; however, larger sample sizes are needed to improve GWAS results and resolution. As the field of genetics is rapidly developing, whole genome sequencing could soon become the new standard of interrogation of the genes and neurobiological pathways which contribute to the complex phenotype of AUD.
This review examines the genetic underpinnings of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), with an emphasis on GWAS approaches for identifying genetic risk variants. The most promising results associated with AUD and alcohol-related phenotypes have included SNPs of the alcohol metabolism genes ADH and ALDH.
Strategies to tune the emission of multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters remain rare. Here, we explore the effect of donor substitution about a MR-TADF core on the ...emission energy and the nature of the excited state. We decorate different numbers and types of electron-donors about a central MR-TADF core, DiKTa. Depending on the identity and number of donor groups, the excited state either remains short-range charge transfer (SRCT) and thus characteristic of an MR-TADF emitter or becomes a long-range charge transfer (LRCT) that is typically observed in donor–acceptor TADF emitters. The impact is that in three examples that emit from a SRCT state, Cz-DiKTa, Cz-Ph-DiKTa, and 3Cz-DiKTa, the emission remains narrow, while in four examples that emit via a LRCT state, TMCz-DiKTa, DMAC-DiKTa, 3TMCz-DiKTa, and 3DMAC-DiKTa, the emission broadens significantly. Through this strategy, the organic light-emitting diodes fabricated with the three MR-TADF emitters show maximum electroluminescence emission wavelengths, λEL, of 511, 492, and 547 nm with moderate full width at half-maxima (fwhm) of 62, 61, and 54 nm, respectively. Importantly, each of these devices show high maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEmax) of 24.4, 23.0, and 24.4%, which are among the highest reported with ketone-based MR-TADF emitters. OLEDs with D–A type emitters, DMAC-DiKTa and TMCz-DiKTa, also show high efficiencies, with EQEmax of 23.8 and 20.2%, but accompanied by broad emission at λEL of 549 and 527 nm, respectively. Notably, the DMAC-DiKTa-based OLED shows very small efficiency roll-off, and its EQE remains 18.5% at 1000 cd m–2. Therefore, this work demonstrates that manipulating the nature and numbers of donor groups decorating a central MR-TADF core is a promising strategy for both red-shifting the emission and improving the performance of the OLEDs.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in older people with frailty and is associated with an increased risk of stroke and systemic embolism. Whilst oral anticoagulation is associated with a reduction in ...this risk, there is a lack of data on the safety and efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in people with frailty. This study aims to report clinical outcomes of patients with AF in the Effective Anticoagulation with Factor Xa Next Generation in Atrial Fibrillation-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 48 (ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48) trial by frailty status.
Post hoc analysis of 20,867 participants in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial, representing 98.8% of those randomised. This double-blinded double-dummy trial compared two once-daily regimens of edoxaban (a DOAC) with warfarin. Participants were categorised as fit, living with pre-frailty, mild-moderate, or severe frailty according to a standardised index, based upon the cumulative deficit model. The primary efficacy endpoint was stroke or systemic embolism and the safety endpoint was major bleeding.
A fifth (19.6%) of the study population had frailty (fit: n = 4459, pre-frailty: n = 12,326, mild-moderate frailty: n = 3722, severe frailty: n = 360). On average over the follow-up period, the risk of stroke or systemic embolism increased by 37% (adjusted HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.19-1.58) and major bleeding by 42% (adjusted HR 1.42, 1.27-1.59) for each 0.1 increase in the frailty index (four additional health deficits). Edoxaban was associated with similar efficacy to warfarin in every frailty category, and a lower risk of bleeding than warfarin in all but those living with severe frailty.
Edoxaban was similarly efficacious to warfarin across the frailty spectrum and was associated with lower rates of bleeding except in those with severe frailty. Overall, with increasing frailty, there was an increase in stroke and bleeding risk. There is a need for high-quality, frailty-specific population randomised control trials to guide therapy in this vulnerable population.
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00781391 . First registered on 28 October 2008.
A new design strategy is introduced to address a persistent weakness with resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (R‐TADF) emitters to reduce aggregation‐caused quenching effects, which ...are identified as one of the key limiting factors. The emitter Mes3DiKTa shows an improved photoluminescence quantum yield of 80% compared to 75% for the reference DiKTa in 3.5 wt% 1,3‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)benzene. Importantly, emission from aggregates, even at high doping concentrations, is eliminated and aggregation‐caused quenching is strongly curtailed. For both molecules, triplets are almost quantitatively upconverted into singlets in electroluminescence, despite a significant (≈0.21 eV) singlet‐triplet energy gap (ΔEST), in line with correlated quantum‐chemical calculations, and a slow reverse intersystem crossing. It is speculated that the lattice stiffness responsible for the narrow fluorescence and phosphorescence emission spectra also protects the triplets against nonradiative decay. An improved maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEmax) of 21.1% for Mes3DIKTa compared to the parent DiKTa (14.7%) and, importantly, reduced efficiency roll‐off compared to literature resonance TADF organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), shows the promise of this design strategy for future design of R‐TADF emitters for OLED applications.
A new multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (R‐TADF) emitter design is presented. Blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) show high efficiency (maximum external quantum efficiency, EQEmax = 21.1%) and improved efficiency roll‐off compared to most reported R‐TADF OLEDs. Using high‐level quantum chemical calculations, it is demonstrated that small ΔEST and large radiative rate arise from short‐range reorganization of the electron density.
Research demonstrates that depression and anxiety symptom severity are related to problematic smartphone use (PSU). However, less is known about variables mediating these relationships. This study ...aimed to test whether proneness to boredom increased PSU. We also tested whether boredom proneness mediates relations between both depression and anxiety symptom severity with PSU. Using a cross-sectional design, we surveyed 298 American college students about their frequency of smartphone use, levels of PSU, depression, anxiety, and boredom proneness. Using structural equation modeling, we modeled depression and anxiety symptom severity predicting boredom proneness, in turn predicting levels of PSU and smartphone use frequency (SUF). Results demonstrate that boredom proneness predicted PSU, but not SUF. Boredom proneness mediated relations between both depression and anxiety symptom severity with PSU levels (but not usage frequency). We discuss the phenomenon in terms of depressed or anxious college students having difficulty attending to their schoolwork, subsequently experiencing boredom, and engaging in PSU to relieve their boredom.
Herein, we demonstrate how judicious selection of the donor decorating a central multi‐resonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) core based on DiKTa can lead to very ...high‐performance OLEDs. By decorating the DiKTa core with triphenylamine (TPA) and diphenylamine (DPA), 3TPA‐DiKTa and 3DPA‐DiKTa exhibit bright, narrowband green and red emission in doped films, respectively. The OLEDs based on these emitters showed record‐high performance for this family of emitters with maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEmax) of 30.8 % for 3TPA‐DiKTa at λEL of 551 nm and 16.7 % for 3DPA‐DiKTa at λEL=613 nm. The efficiency roll‐off in the OLEDs was improved significantly by using 4CzIPN as an assistant dopant in hyperfluorescence (HF) devices. The outstanding device performance has been attributed to preferential horizontal orientation of the transition dipole moments of 3TPA‐DiKTa and 3DPA‐DiKTa.
Through careful selection of donor substituents about the DiKTa core, record‐high efficiency green‐emitting OLEDs were fabricated, with EQEmax of 30.8 %, and the reddest MR‐TADF OLEDs have been reported based on ketone‐containing multi‐resonant thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitters.
Two multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) emitters are presented and it is shown how further borylation of a deep‐blue MR‐TADF emitter, DIDOBNA‐N, both blueshifts and ...narrows the emission producing a new near‐UV MR‐TADF emitter, MesB‐DIDOBNA‐N, are shown. DIDOBNA‐N emits bright blue light (ΦPL = 444 nm, FWHM = 64 nm, ΦPL = 81%, τd = 23 ms, 1.5 wt% in TSPO1). The deep‐blue organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) based on this twisted MR‐TADF compound shows a very high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 15.3% for a device with CIEy of 0.073. The fused planar MR‐TADF emitter, MesB‐DIDOBNA‐N shows efficient and narrowband near‐UV emission (λPL = 402 nm, FWHM = 19 nm, ΦPL = 74.7%, τd = 133 ms, 1.5 wt% in TSPO1). The best OLED with MesB‐DIDOBNA‐N, doped in a co‐host, shows the highest efficiency reported for a near‐UV OLED at 16.2%. With a CIEy coordinate of 0.049, this device also shows the bluest EL reported for a MR‐TADF OLED to date.
Transformation of a deep‐blue MR‐TADF emitter, DIDOBNA‐N, to a narrowband near‐UV emitter, MesB‐DIDOBNA‐N is demonstrated. Efficient deep‐blue OLEDs with EQEmax and CIEy coordinate of 15.3% and 0.073 with DIDOBNA‐N and 16.2% and 0.049 with MesB‐DIDOBNA‐N illustrate the promise of the molecular design of these emitters.
We present a p‐ and n‐doped nonacene compound, NOBNacene, that represents a rare example of a linearly extended ladder‐type multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) emitter. ...This compound shows efficient narrow deep blue emission, with a λPL of 410 nm, full width at half maximum, FWHM, of 38 nm, photoluminescence quantum yield, ΦPL of 71 %, and a delayed lifetime, τd of 1.18 ms in 1.5 wt % TSPO1 thin film. The organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) using this compound as the emitter shows a comparable electroluminescence spectrum peaked at 409 nm (FWHM=37 nm) and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 8.5 % at Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.173, 0.055). The EQEmax values were increased to 11.2 % at 3 wt % doping of the emitter within the emissive layer of the device. At this concentration, the electroluminescence spectrum broadened slightly, leading to CIE coordinates of (0.176, 0.068).
A deep blue boron‐, nitrogen‐ and oxygen‐doped nonacene emitter that shows multi‐resonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) is described. The emitter shows bright, deep‐blue narrowband emission in an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device.
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