Background
Patients with a prior malignancy are at elevated risk of developing subsequent primary malignancies (SPMs). However, the risk of developing subsequent primary glioblastoma (SPGBM) in ...patients with a prior cancer history is poorly understood.
Methods
We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and identified patients diagnosed with non-CNS malignancy between 2000 and 2018. We calculated a modified standardized incidence ratio (M-SIR), defined as the ratio of the incidence of SPGBM among patients with initial non-CNS malignancy to the incidence of GBM in the general population, stratified by sex latency, and initial tumor location.
Results
Of the 5,326,172 patients diagnosed with a primary non-CNS malignancy, 3559 patients developed SPGBM (0.07%). Among patients with SPGBM, 2312 (65.0%) were men, compared to 2,706,933 (50.8%) men in the total primary non-CNS malignancy cohort. The median age at diagnosis of SPGBM was 65 years. The mean latency between a prior non-CNS malignancy and developing a SPGBM was 67.3 months (interquartile range IQR 27–100). Overall, patients with a primary non-CNS malignancy had a significantly elevated M-SIR (1.13, 95% CI 1.09–1.16), with a 13% increased incidence of SPGBM when compared to the incidence of developing GBM in the age-matched general population. When stratified by non-CNS tumor location, patients diagnosed with primary melanoma, lymphoma, prostate, breast, renal, or endocrine malignancies had a higher M-SIR (M-SIR ranges: 1.09–2.15). Patients with lung cancers (M-SIR 0.82, 95% CI 0.68–0.99), or stomach cancers (M-SIR 0.47, 95% CI 0.24–0.82) demonstrated a lower M-SIR.
Conclusion
Patients with a history of prior non-CNS malignancy are at an overall increased risk of developing SPGBM relative to the incidence of developing GBM in the general population. However, the incidence of SPGBM after prior non-CNS malignancy varies by primary tumor location, with some non-CNS malignancies demonstrating either increased or decreased predisposition for SPGBM depending on tumor origin. These findings merit future investigation into whether these relationships represent treatment effects or a previously unknown shared predisposition for glioblastoma and non-CNS malignancy.
Typhoon Morakot struck southern Taiwan in the summer of 2009, causing the most severe flooding since the 1950s. In the early morning of August 9, rainfall triggered the Hsiaolin landslide, and the ...resulting debris avalanche covered the township of Hsiaolin Village, Kaohsiung. Around five hundred people were buried alive. Reconstruction of the runout of the debris avalanche would increase understanding of the large‐scale avalanches for future hazard mitigation purposes. Simulation of the debris avalanche runout can provide valuable information for this purpose. A new continuum shallow‐water model is applied to flow over general topography. The Coulomb friction law is adopted; the friction coefficient is initially determined by high pressure rotary‐shearing tests and subsequently fine‐tuned by an iterative procedure to minimize the difference between the simulation and the measurement. The friction coefficients measured by laboratory tests are found to be in reasonable agreement with the best‐fit result of the simulation. In addition, Voellmy rheology is applied, but it is found that the role of the fluid viscous drag is insignificant. The simulation result in the village area is further corroborated by near‐surface magnetic surveys. These indicate that the northern part of the village is dislocated, while the artifact structures of the southern part are buried near their original locations. By comparing the landslide front and the flow direction of the simulation, we are able to confirm, as also described by survivors, that the landslide swept the northern part of the village into the Cishan River, while the southern part was flooded subsequently by the debris from a dam breach about 20 min after the landslide.
Key Points
A new landslide model with considerations of general topography is presented
The friction coefficient is calibrated by experiments and with timely DEMs
Magnetic surveys over the buried village accurately validates the simulation
Human cells homozygous for rare loss-of-expression (LOE) TYK2 alleles have impaired, but not abolished, cellular responses to IFN-α/β (underlying viral diseases in the patients) and to IL-12 and ...IL-23 (underlying mycobacterial diseases). Cells homozygous for the common P1104A TYK2 allele have selectively impaired responses to IL-23 (underlying isolated mycobacterial disease). We report three new forms of TYK2 deficiency in six patients from five families homozygous for rare TYK2 alleles (R864C, G996R, G634E, or G1010D) or compound heterozygous for P1104A and a rare allele (A928V). All these missense alleles encode detectable proteins. The R864C and G1010D alleles are hypomorphic and loss-of-function (LOF), respectively, across signaling pathways. By contrast, hypomorphic G996R, G634E, and A928V mutations selectively impair responses to IL-23, like P1104A. Impairment of the IL-23-dependent induction of IFN-γ is the only mechanism of mycobacterial disease common to patients with complete TYK2 deficiency with or without TYK2 expression, partial TYK2 deficiency across signaling pathways, or rare or common partial TYK2 deficiency specific for IL-23 signaling.
Cavity solitons are shape-preserving waveforms infinitely revolving around a cavity, which have numerous applications from spectroscopy to telecommunications. Although the cavity solitons have been ...widely studied for their special time-frequency characteristics over the past decade, the spectral flatness will be a large limitation in some applications without any extra filtering process. In this paper, we report on the generation of a distinct cavity soliton in a cyclic polarization permutation fiber resonator. With the simultaneous excitation of two orthogonal polarization modes with equally opposite dispersion, vectorial cavity solitons possessing broader and flatter spectra can be generated. In order to verify the concept, a numerical model of the polarization-maintaining fiber is proposed and the soliton with a flattened spectrum can be formed. The results enrich the soliton dynamics in the vectorial dissipation system.
Summary
Some short procedures require deep neuromuscular blockade, which needs to be reversed at the end of the procedure. Forty‐four patients undergoing elective laryngeal micro‐surgery were ...randomly allocated into two groups: rocuronium 0.45 mg.kg−1 with neostigmine (50 μg.kg−1 with glycopyrrolate 10 μg.kg−1) reversal (moderate block group) vs. rocuronium 0.90 mg.kg−1 with sugammadex (4 mg.kg−1) reversal (deep block group). The primary outcome was the intubating conditions during laryngoscopy secondary outcomes included recovery of neuromuscular block; conditions for tracheal intubation; satisfaction score as determined by the surgeon; onset of neuromuscular block; and postoperative sore throat. The onset of neuromuscular block was more rapid, and intubation conditions and ease of intra‐operative laryngoscopy were more favourable, and the satisfaction score was lower in the moderate block group compared with the deep block group. No difference was found in the incidence of postoperative sore throat. In laryngeal micro‐surgery, the use of rocuronium 0.9 mg.kg−1 with sugammadex for reversal was associated with better surgical conditions and a shorter recovery time than rocuronium 0.45 mg.kg−1 with neostigmine.
A recently developed whole-blood interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) assay based on stimulation with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens early secreted antigenic target 6 and culture filtrate ...protein 10 shows promise for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection.
To compare the tuberculin skin test (TST) and the whole-blood IFN-gamma assay in the diagnosis of latent TB infection according to the intensity of exposure.
A prospective comparison between the whole-blood IFN-gamma assay and the TST using a 2-TU dose of purified protein derivative RT23 in a population with intermediate TB burden was conducted sequentially between February 1, 2004, and February 28, 2005, in a Korean tertiary referral hospital.
Of 273 participants, 220 (95.7%) had received BCG vaccine. Participants were grouped according to their risk of infection: group 1, no identifiable risk of M tuberculosis infection (n = 99); group 2, recent casual contacts (n = 72); group 3, recent close contacts (n = 48); group 4, bacteriologically or pathologically confirmed TB patients (n = 54).
Levels of agreement between the TST and the IFN-gamma assay and the likelihood of infection in the various groups.
For the TST with a 10-mm induration cutoff, the positive response rate in group 1 was 51%; group 2, 60%; group 3, 71%, and group 4, 78%. For the IFN-gamma assay, the positive response rate in group 1 was 4%; group 2, 10%; group 3, 44%; and group 4, 81%. The overall agreement between the TST and the IFN-gamma assay in healthy volunteers was kappa = 0.16. The odds of a positive test result per unit increase in exposure across the 4 groups increased by a factor of 5.31 (95% confidence interval CI, 3.62-7.79) for the IFN-gamma assay and by a factor of 1.52 (95% CI, 1.20-1.91) for the TST (P<.001). Using a 15-mm induration cutoff for the TST did not make a substantial difference to the test results.
The IFN-gamma assay is a better indicator of the risk of M tuberculosis infection than TST in a BCG-vaccinated population.
Al0.3Cr0.5Fe2MnxMo0.15Ni1.5Ti0.3 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1) compositionally complex alloys are synthesized and annealed at 1,070°C to form two-phase alloys with a face-centered cubic (fcc) matrix and a ...second phases enriched in Al, Ti, and Ni with slightly reduced density, raw element costs, and passivating elements distributed across both phases. The global corrosion resistance is evaluated in 0.01 M and 0.1 M NaCl at both natural pH and pH 4. Overall corrosion resistance is suggested to be optimized at Mn concentrations of 5.0 at%, indicated by pitting potentials comparable to or exceeding those of 316L stainless steel. Improvements in corrosion resistance and optimization of Mn concentration are further assessed by polarization, impedance, and gravimetric analysis after extended aqueous exposure. The fate of individual elements during the dissolution and passivation processes is evaluated with in situ atomic emission spectroelectrochemistry and ex situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Passivity was derived from combinations of Ti4+, Cr3+, and Al3+ oxides in an undetermined solid solution or complex oxide. Enhanced corrosion resistance is attributed to the improved chemical homogeneity of passivating elements within the two-phase microstructure, while the decreased corrosion resistance of alloys with higher Mn concentrations is attributed to high Mn dissolution rates and/or destabilization of the passive films. The underlying determinants of the role of Mn in the design of corrosion-resistant lightweight compositionally complex alloys are discussed.
Purpose
Childhood brain tumor survivors (CBTS) are at risk of becoming overweight, which has been shown to be associated with hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) dysfunction during follow-up. Body mass index ...(BMI) at diagnosis is related to BMI at follow-up. It is uncertain, however, whether aberrant BMI at brain tumor diagnosis reflects early hypothalamic dysfunction or rather reflects genetic and sociodemographic characteristics. We aimed to examine whether BMI at childhood brain tumor diagnosis is associated with HP dysfunction at diagnosis or its development during follow-up.
Methods
The association of BMI at diagnosis of a childhood brain tumor to HP dysfunction at diagnosis or during follow-up was examined in a Dutch cohort of 685 CBTS, excluding children with craniopharyngioma or a pituitary tumor. Individual patient data were retrospectively extracted from patient charts.
Results
Of 685 CTBS, 4.7% were underweight, 14.2% were overweight, and 3.8% were obese at diagnosis. Being overweight or obese at diagnosis was not associated with anterior pituitary deficiency or diabetes insipidus at diagnosis or during follow-up. In children with suprasellar tumors, being obese at diagnosis was associated with central precocious puberty.
Conclusion
Overweight or obesity at diagnosis of a childhood brain tumor seems not to be associated with pituitary deficiencies. These results suggest that genetics and lifestyle may be more important etiologic factors for higher BMI at diagnosis in these children than hypothalamic dysfunction. To improve the long-term outcome of CBTS with regards to overweight and obesity, more attention should be given to lifestyle already at the time of brain tumor treatment.
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