Marijuana, also known as cannabis, is a psychoactive drug that comes from the Cannabis plant. Marijuana can be smoked, vaporized, or consumed through edibles in a variety of ways. Perception changes, ...changes in mood, and problems with coordination are all possible side effects. Marijuana is used for both recreational and medical purposes to treat a variety of health conditions. The literature review on the effects of marijuana on the human body has increased in recent years as more states legalize its use. It is important to investigate the benefits and harmful effects of marijuana on individuals due to the widespread use of cannabis-derived substances like marijuana for medical, recreational, and combined purposes. The paper will review different aspects of marijuana in 4 main domains. A thorough discussion of marijuana’s definition, history, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and effects on human cells will be given in the first domain. The second domain will concentrate on marijuana’s negative effects, while the third domain will look at marijuana’s possible positive impacts, such as its usage in controlling multiple sclerosis, treating obesity, lowering social anxiety, and managing pain. The fourth domain will concentrate on marijuana’s effects on anxiety, educational attainment, and social consequences. Additionally, this paper also will provide a highlight of the history of marijuana use and governmental legislation, both of which play a significant role in determining how the public views marijuana. In conclusion, this paper provides a comprehensive review of marijuana’s effects, which may be of interest to a large readership. This review adds to the continuing discussion about the use of marijuana by analyzing the data that is currently available about the possible advantages and disadvantages of marijuana usage.
Abstract
Nowadays, perovskite materials are well known for electronics and optoelectronics applications. We have investigated a potential candidate for those applications to compare the applicability ...in optoelectronics, photorefractive and photovoltaic (PV) devices. The systematic comparative study of the structural, electronic, optical, mechanical, and thermodynamic properties of pure BaTiO
3
and Ca doped BaTiO
3
(Ba
1−x
Ca
x
TiO
3
where x = 0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.500, 0.625) perovskite have been carried out using first-principles and density-functional-theory calculations as recently this material was mostly experimented. The measured structural parameters from the geometrically optimized structure of cubic BT ceramic compared with the other theoretical values. A crystal phase transition occurs when doping content x = 0.25. The electronic band structure shows that the nature of the bandgap is changed from indirect bandgap to direct bandgap energy at G-point after doping the Ca atom into BaTiO
3
(BT) crystal. Doping of Ca into BT has led to bandstructure modification including conduction band (CB) shifting toward the higher energy level. Electronic properties have been reported to examine the contribution of different orbitals to the CB and to the valance band (VB). This study investigated the modification of optical properties such as absorption, reflectivity, refractive index, extinction coefficient, conductivity, dielectric function and loss function at the energy range from 0 to 30 eV. The prominent absorption peak and optical energy were observed at the UV light energy region. Based on the optical behavior of the material this theoretical research suggests that the doped BT solution is a suitable candidate for photorefractive and optoelectronic devices. Different elastic constants reveal mechanical stability and the existence of the covalent bond of those compounds. Debye temperature increases with doping content. Hence modification of BaTiO
3
crystal by Ca atom significantly develop various properties that led it to multifunctional applications.
Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and awareness of pharmacy students toward marijuana use. Methods: Pharmacy students were asked to complete a survey that ...assess students’ knowledge, attitudes, and awareness toward marijuana use. This study also compared students’ awareness about the harmful effects of marijuana in comparing with alcohol and smoking tobacco. Participants were asked about the possibilities of marijuana-induced cancer and addiction. Results: Twenty-three percent of pharmacy students reported having used marijuana at some point in their lives. In comparison with tobacco and alcohol, most of the students agreed that tobacco (49%) and alcohol (42%) are more harmful than marijuana (P < .0001). More than sixty percent of students considered marijuana as an addictive substance (P < .02). A 45% of students opposed the possibility of marijuana-induced cancer. Thirty-six percent of the students agreed that marijuana should be legalized for both medical and recreational use with a similar percentage of the students (30 – 32%) believed that marijuana should be legalized for medical use only. Conclusion: With the prevalence of marijuana use and discrepancy among pharmacy students’ responses regarding knowledge, attitudes, and awareness pharmacy schools need to adopt educational activities about the benefits and risks of marijuana.
Time-series analysis of satellite imageries is useful in studying changes in coastlines and the nature of the landcover dynamics in coastal environments. This study aimed to investigate the ...relationship between coastal erosion-accretion and landcover changes in Kuakata. Landsat TM and Landsat OLI/TIRS satellite imageries at a nearly 5-year interval between the years 1989 and 2020 were used to compare changes within five major landcover classes in the study area - 1) mangrove vegetation, 2) settlements, 3) agricultural land, 4) waterbody and 5) beach. Net land loss over the past 31 years was estimated to be 1.73 km
2
within the 93.05 km
2
study area. Linear regression rates were calculated to identify the area most prone to erosion. The average erosion rate along the coastline was estimated to be 2.09 m/year. Most erosion occurred along the western part of the coast while the highest accretion was limited to an area in the east. Study findings also suggested that changes in beach and mangrove vegetation classes have a significant spatial and statistical correlation with coastal erosion-accretion processes. These findings can help the policymakers implement coastal zonation, and preventive and rehabilitative measures to save the tourism industry and agriculture in Kuakata.
Conventional fossil fuel‐based power generation is one of the main contributors to global environmental pollutions. The rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves as well as their adverse environmental ...impact heighten the quest for cleaner and sustainable energy resources to generate electricity. Solar energy is an unlimited and immeasurable source of renewable energy that is used for direct electricity production through the solar PV cell. However, environmental conditions as well as operation and maintenance of the solar PV cell affect the optimum output and substantially impact the energy conversion efficiency, productivity and lifetime, thus affect the economy of power generation. In this study, an investigation about recent works regarding the effect of environmental and operational factors on the performance of solar PV cell is presented. It is found that dust allocation and soiling effect are crucial, along with the humidity and temperature that largely affect the performance of PV module. Additionally, the wind itself carries a significant amount of dust and sand particles, especially in the deserted areas. Deposition of dust in humid conditions forms adhesive, sticky mud on the PV cell and worsens the situation as it reduces the power generation up to 60–70%. This study discusses advanced approaches to mitigate the effects of these factors with their relative merits and challenges. Finally, a guideline is proposed to minimize the effect of different environmental and operational factors to optimize the performance of solar PV cell.
In this paper, a comprehensive literature review most influencing environmental and operational factors on the solar PV performance is expressively discussed. Among all the environmental factors, dust allocation and soiling effect are crucial, along with humidity and temperature. The results indicate that a maximum of 45% reduction in efficiency occurs at 60.5% humidity.
This study aimed to measure the knowledge and perceptions of the student pharmacists toward opioid use and misuse.
This survey included student pharmacists from the first, second, and third years who ...participated voluntarily and anonymously. Differences in knowledge and perceptions among participants' responses were analyzed by comparing responses using the χ
test.
A total of 138 student pharmacists participated in the survey. All 3 class years reported that the most common age for opioid abuse and addiction is 18-25 years. The top reasons for opioid misuse were identified as easy access to drugs (82%), health conditions (85%), lack of knowledge (83%), and experimentation (82%). Over half of the students believed that healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies, friends, and the community all have a shared responsibility in addressing opioid misuse. The majority of the student pharmacists also believed that education is the most effective way to combat opioid misuse.
The student pharmacists at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore School of Pharmacy had a strong understanding of the dangers of opioid misuse. They identified 18-25 years as the age range most susceptible to opioid misuse. They also identified the most common reasons for opioid misuse, with some disagreement about whether prescription pills or street drugs were the main cause. However, the majority of students agreed that education is the most effective way to address opioid misuse. These findings highlight the need for ongoing education and awareness about the risks of opioid misuse and the role of education in addressing this public health crisis.
This study aimed to describe changes in annual incidence rates and the severity of deliberate interpersonal violence based on hospital and forensic data in a Danish urban population 2003–2021. ...Included in the study were local victims of violence admitted to Odense University Hospital and/or subjected to medico-legal autopsy at the Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Southern Denmark from 2003 to 2021. Based on population counts, we estimated overall and gender specific annual incidence rates in different age groups. For the 14,788 victims included in the study, the gender-specific incidence rates were 5.7 for males and 2.4 for females per 1000 population/year. The incidence rates decreased almost fourfold for both genders in all age groups. In both gender, the incidence rate of violence involving mild injuries decreased significantly, whereas incidence rate of violence involving severe injuries remained unchanged over the study period. The proportion of superficial lesions decreased and the proportion of wounds, bone fractures, and deep lesions increased. The proportion of victims with injuries from knifes increased from 3.0 to 5.4% in the study period. Overall, 0.3% died from their injuries. The present study showed a significant decreased in the incidence rate of violence based on hospital and forensic data. The decrease involved solely victims with less severe injuries. We recommend studies combining hospital, forensic, and police data.
•The study analysed data from an A&E department and a forensic institute on 14,788 victims of interpersonal violence.•The incidence rates were 5.7 for males and 2.4 for females per 1000 population/year.•The incidence rates decreased almost fourfold for both genders in all age groups.•The incidence rate of victims with severe injuries was unchanged from 2003 to 2021.•The incidence rate of victims with mild lesion decreased significantly from 2003 to 2021.
To investigate the influence of phosphoric acid etching on the dentin enamel junction (DEJ) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Human teeth were assigned to four groups: 1. control, no ...additional treatment (CT); 2. The primer of “SE Bond2” was applied (SE), 3. “Enamel Conditioner” was applied (EC), 4. “K-etchant syringe” was applied (KE). After treatment, the DEJ was observed using a laser microscope (CLSM), OCT, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) test at the DEJ was performed. No cracks were observed by CLSM. In contrast, cracks were observed all samples by SEM. Additionally, OCT revealed a white line along the DEJ in all KE specimens and some EC specimens. The UTS test showed a significant difference between CT and KE. This study found that phosphoric acid etching may cause excessive demineralization and weaken the DEJ. This fragility was observed using a non-invasive diagnostic method using OCT.
Undoped Tin Oxide (SnO2) and 4, 8, 14 at.% Aluminum (Al) doped SnO2 thin films (hereafter Sn1-xO2:Alx) were fabricated by thermal vacuum evaporation and stacked layer method, respectively. Following ...this, a detailed investigation of the impacts of Al doping and annealing temperature on the structural, optical and electrical properties of the synthesized films were carried out. The XRD results show that the films possess tetragonal lattice structures and for both doped and undoped SnO2, the relative intensities of the major diffraction peaks increase with annealing temperature. The high temperature annealing improves the crystallinity and reduces the stacking faults of Sn1-xO2:Alx films. UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometric studies revealed that Sn1-xO2:Alx films annealed at high temperature have good transmittance which can reach up to 87.84% in the visible region. The optical bandgap gradually decreases with higher annealing conditions and lies within the range of 3.36–3.86 eV. Other properties like penetration depth, Urbach energy, strength of electron–phonon interaction and photoluminescence spectra were also studied. Electrical characterization reveals that Al doping content reduces the carrier mobility and carrier concentration while annealing temperature enhances both of these. This can be attributed to the reduced grain boundary scattering and interatomic bonding at higher annealing temperatures and ionized impurities at higher Al concentration. High annealing suppresses the sheet resistance of all the Sn1-xO2:Alx films and the lowest sheet resistance (268.50 Ω/cm2) is observed at 550 °C annealing for the undoped SnO2 films.
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