One common heavy metal that is extremely harmful to the kidneys, reproductive system, and nervous system of humans is lead (Pb). This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a novel ...nanocomposite adsorbent, synthesised from polypyrrole, zinc oxide, and nickel (PPy/ZnO-NiO), in eliminating Pb(II) ions from a water-based solution. This adsorbent offers excellent metal selectivity, environmental stability, ease of manufacture, and reusability. Several techniques, namely XRD, FTIR, TGA, SEM, TEM, EDX, and BET, were employed to characterize the synthesised nanocomposite adsorbent. The study examined the impact of multiple factors influencing the adsorption process, including pH, temperature, contact period, metal ion concentration, and adsorbent dose, along with isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics processes. The adsorption of Pb ions was examined via various isotherm models, including the Temkin, Freundlich, and Langmuir, and thus various factors inherent to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich kinetics were determined. The data revealed that both the Langmuir sorption model and pseudo-second-order kinetics match the adsorption data well. The highest adsorption capacities of the PPy/ZnO-NiO nanocomposite adsorbent for Pb(II) metal ions were 436.48, 450.48, and 469.56 mg/g at 298, 305, and 310 K, respectively, and the optimal pH was 5. An actual water sample that had been tainted with Pb(II) ions was used to test the applicability of the PPy/ZnO-NiO nanocomposite for the removal of Pb(II) ions. Based on the available data, the PPy/ZnO-NiO nanocomposite appears to be effective in terms of elimination of Pb(II) from five different raw water samples, such as tap water, surface water, groundwater, sewage plant wastewater, and domestic wastewater.
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•A new adsorbent (PPY/Zn-NiO) has been prepared for the adsorption of (Pb) from wastewater.•The nanocomposite was analysed using FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM, TEM, EDS, and BET techniques.•The study involved the implementation of isothermal, kinetic, and thermodynamic models.•The nanocomposite was utilized to eliminate Pb ions with a maximum adsorption capacity of 469.56 mg/g.•Studies on the adsorbent regeneration and reusability were also conducted.
Abstract
This paper presents a finite element analysis of a zoned earth dam under the effects of earthquake conditions. GeoStudio software, and in particular the sub-programs SEEP/W and QUAKE/W were ...used, and the earthquake used in the analysis was an Iraqi earthquake that occurred in Ali Al-Garbi, within the Missan governorate. The Haditha dam section data was used for the hypothetical dam construction. The total length of length of this dam is 9,064 metres, which includes 8,875 metres of earth fill, and the maximum height of the dam is 57 m. The shell is constructed from a mix of sand and gravel, with an average particle diameter ranging from 0.24 to 16.7 mm. Three different properties were used to represent the core material, and each of these properties was analysed under three different heads of water on the upstream side. The results showed that high water levels at the upstream side of the dam heavily influenced the analysis results. The water flux, water conductivity, and peak displacement all increased with the increase in the water level upstream of the dam. For a water level equal to 152 m, the maximum values of water flux, water conductivity, and maximum displacement were 3.951 × 10
-3
m
2
/sec, 6.654 × 10
-3
, and 2.03 m, respectively, while where the water level was 143 m, these values were equal to 2.023 × 10
-3
m
2
/sec, 3.995 × 10
-3
, and 1.85 m, respectively. Further analysis showed that the water flux, water conductivity, and peak displacement increased with increases in the void ratio and degree of saturation of the clay core material, moving from 2.023 × 10
-3
to 3.951 × 10
-3
m
2
/sec for water flux, from 3.995 × 10
-3
to 6.654 × 10
-3
for water conductivity, and from 1.85 to 2.03 m for peak displacement.
Abstract
The seeping flow under the hydraulic structure produces uplifting pressure on its floor, which affects the performance of these structures. This problem was numerically analyzed using the ...finite difference method in Matlab after verification with GeoStudio software. This study’s main objective is to investigate the effects of head difference variation, the cutoffs’ locations, and depths on the exit gradient and uplift pressure. An empirical equation has been developed to predict the exit gradient by employing gene expression programming (GEP). More than 975 runs were executed using finite difference code with differential (H=5,10,15m), were studied over isotropic soil foundation. The results indicate that the differential head ratio (H/B) had a considerable effect on increasing the exit gradient and uplift pressure, mainly when the value of the differential head ratio (H/B =3/3) and minimum exit gradient was observed when the cutoff location ratio at the downstream is of (x1/b=1) with a maximum relative depth of (d1/b=0.6), while the minimum uplift pressure was observed when the cutoff location ratio at the upstream is of (x1/B=0) with a minimum relative depth of (d1/B=0.1). The results also indicate that the maximum exit gradient is observed when the ratio of the length of upstream cutoff to the length of downstream cutoff is (d1/d2 = 1). Based on the simulation results, the equation obtained using the Genetic expression programming (GEP) model performed better predicting to exit gradient for one cutoff with a coefficient of determination R2 equals 0.954 for training and 0.957 for testing and two cutoffs with R2 equals 0.93 for training and 0.94 for testing.
Climate Change Effect on The South Iraq Stormwater Network Wadi, Wadi Mohammed; Nile, Basim K.; Hassan, Waqed H.
2022 International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (HORA),
2022-June-9
Conference Proceeding
The important issue that municipalities face is the process of urban flood control and monitoring due to the damage these floods cause to infrastructure. To reduce potential climate change risks, ...this study aimed to develop a decision to determine the efficiency of stormwater networks in Basra, Iraq. Based on the data obtained from 1979 to 2018, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) program was used to simulate the stormwater network in Basra and use this data to predict the annual precipitation in the future until 2099 using the Statistical downscaling Model (SDSM). The results indicate a future rise of (0.14 to 1.07) °C as a maximum temperature. As a result of climate change, the intensity of rain is expected to increase beyond the network capacity to reach 21.5 mm/hr. The network's design capacity is 11.5 mm/hr., leading to 34% of manholes overflow.
The profile of microbial diversity in a NABR digesting RPMW was investigated using phylogeneticanalysis of partial 16S rRNA sequences by a neighbor-joining-tree, supported by microbial morphology ...analysis by SEM. The results showed that microorganism inside NABR consisted of dominant Bacillus (25 strains) and Bacterium (1 strain) which were isolated from the settled sludge at the bottom of the reactor, whilst Bacillus (2 strains), Pseudomonas (2 strain) and Chryseobacterium (2 strain) were isolated from the biofilm formed on the packing material. It revealed that the microbial community strains, function, and structure changed simultaneously throughout the reactor system. The microscopic results showed rich biofacies, while the dominant microorganisms have various morphologies in every compartment of the system. It consisted of a long rod-shaped and filamentous bacterium composed majorly of bacilli of different sizes. Although the study successfully analyzed the microbial diversity and morphology in the system, the microbial communities reported in this study were different from other similar studies. This may be caused by the application of a culture-based technique that usually provides limited information due to the number of barely cultivated or uncultured strains
To optimize the layout of a sewer network, first, the feasible layouts of the network are generated and then the best layout design is identified from among the numerous possible configurations ...subject to constraints. For this purpose, a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm (HGA) is developed here. This paper proposes a novel method, combined Genetic Algorithm with Tree Growing Algorithm (GA-TGA) technique, which uses a suitable growth algorithm, TGA, to avoid the problems associated with the configuring of infeasible solutions. Two benchmark examples of sewer networks are used to test the proposed model. It is concluded in the first benchmark example that the present model reaches the optimum solution with the fewest generations compared with the previous methods. As for the results of the second benchmark example, they showed that the proposed model offers great promise to be part of the simultaneous and global optimization model in future studies.
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