Social cognitive career theory (SCCT;
Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994) seeks to explain the factors that shape educational and vocational interests and choices. We used meta-analytic path analyses to ...synthesize data (from 1981 to 2008) relevant to SCCT’s interest and choice hypotheses, organizing the literature according to
Holland’s (1997) broad occupational themes. Sufficient data were available to test (a) a 6-variable version of the interest/choice model in the Realistic, Investigative, and Enterprising themes, and (b) a 4-variable version of the model in the Artistic, Social, and Conventional themes. Analyses of both model versions were generally consistent with theoretical expectations. However, tests of the 6-variable model indicated better support for representing the pathways from contextual variables to choice goals as being partially mediated by self-efficacy and outcome expectations rather than as producing only direct linkages to goals. We consider implications of the findings for theory, research, and SCCT-based interventions.
•Facial dysmorphology was studied as an accessible index of brain dysmorphogenesis.•Bipolar patients showed complex, non-linear changes relative to control subjects.•Bipolar disorder was ...characterised by retrusion of the frontonasal prominences.•The findings indicate dysmorphogenesis in bipolar disorder during early fetal life.
As understanding of the genetics of bipolar disorder increases, controversy endures regarding whether the origins of this illness include early maldevelopment. Clarification would be facilitated by a ‘hard’ biological index of fetal developmental abnormality, among which craniofacial dysmorphology bears the closest embryological relationship to brain dysmorphogenesis. Therefore, 3D laser surface imaging was used to capture the facial surface of 21 patients with bipolar disorder and 45 control subjects; 21 patients with schizophrenia were also studied. Surface images were subjected to geometric morphometric analysis in non-affine space for more incisive resolution of subtle, localised dysmorphologies that might distinguish patients from controls. Complex and more biologically informative, non-linear changes distinguished bipolar patients from control subjects. On a background of minor dysmorphology of the upper face, maxilla, midface and periorbital regions, bipolar disorder was characterised primarily by the following dysmorphologies: (a) retrusion and shortening of the premaxilla, nose, philtrum, lips and mouth (the frontonasal prominences), with (b) some protrusion and widening of the mandible-chin. The topography of facial dysmorphology in bipolar disorder indicates disruption to early development in the frontonasal process and, on embryological grounds, cerebral dysmorphogenesis in the forebrain, most likely between the 10th and 15th week of fetal life.
The Self-Efficacy for Work—Family Conflict Management Scale (SE-WFC), developed in Israel, was designed to assess beliefs regarding one's ability to manage conflict between work and family roles. ...This study examined the factor structure, reliability, and validity of an English language version of the SE-WFC in a sample of 159 working mothers in the United States. Results indicated that the measure produced satisfactory estimates of internal consistency and test—retest reliability. It also correlated as expected with measures of multiple role self-efficacy, social desirability, work—family conflict, social support, and work and family stress and satisfaction. Regression analyses found that the SE-WFC explained unique variance in work—family conflict and domain satisfaction indices, controlling for other theory-derived predictors. On balance these findings suggest that the SE-WFC may be useful in further research on the role of social cognitive factors relative to interrole conflict and well-being outcomes in the context of managing the work—family interface.
Although Western mental health services are increasingly finding themselves concerned with assisting traumatized individuals migrating from other countries, trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder ...(PTSD) are under-detected and undiagnosed in psychiatric populations. This study examined and compared rates of traumatic experiences, frequency of traumatic events, trauma symptomatology levels, rates of torture, rates of PTSD and chart documentation of trauma and PTSD between (a) Irish and migrant service-users and (b) forced migrant and voluntary migrant service-users in Dublin, Ireland. Data were gathered from 178 psychiatric outpatients attending using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire-Revised Cambodian Version and the SCID-I/P. A substantial number of service-users had experienced at least one lifetime trauma (71.3%), and a high percentage of both the Irish (47.4%) and migrant groups (70.3%) of service-users had experienced two or more events. Overall, analyses comparing rates between Irish, forced migrant and voluntary migrant service-users found that forced migrants displayed more traumatic life events, posttraumatic symptoms, and higher levels of PTSD than their voluntary migrant and Irish counterparts, with over 50% experiencing torture prior to arrival in Ireland. The lifetime rate of PTSD in the overall sample was 15.7% but only 53.57% of cases were documented in patient charts. The results of this study are informative about the nature and extent of the problem of trauma and PTSD among migrant mental health service users as well as highlighting the under-detected levels of trauma among native-born service users.
Uncontrolled studies suggest that a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy improves the survival of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. We conducted a prospective, randomized trial ...comparing surgery alone with combined chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery.
Patients assigned to multimodal therapy received two courses of chemotherapy in weeks 1 and 6 (fluorouracil, 15 mg per kilogram of body weight daily for five days, and cisplatin, 75 mg per square meter of body-surface area on day 7) and a course of radiotherapy (40 Gy, administered in 15 fractions over a three-week period, beginning concurrently with the first course of chemotherapy), followed by surgery. The patients assigned to surgery had no preoperative therapy.
Of the 58 patients assigned to multimodal therapy and the 55 assigned to surgery, 10 and 1, respectively, were withdrawn for protocol violations. At the time of surgery, 23 of 55 patients (42 percent) treated with preoperative multimodal therapy who could be evaluated had positive nodes or metastases, as compared with 45 of the 55 patients (82 percent) who underwent surgery alone (P<0.001). Thirteen of the 52 patients (25 percent) who underwent surgery after multimodal therapy had complete responses as determined pathologically. The median survival of patients assigned to multimodal therapy was 16 months, as compared with 11 months for those assigned to surgery alone (P=0.01). At one, two, and three years, 52, 37, and 32 percent, respectively, of patients assigned to multimodal therapy were alive, as compared with 44, 26, and 6 percent of those assigned to surgery, with the survival advantage favoring multimodal therapy reaching significance at three years (P=0.01).
Multimodal treatment is superior to surgery alone for patients with resectable adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.
This research project presented and tested an integrative conceptual model of work/family balance, including the predictors and consequences of work/family conflict and work/family enrichment. The ...predictors included work/family conflict self-efficacy and support, while the dependent variable was domain satisfaction. Work/family balance can be thought of as an individual's overall experiences related to the interface between work and family related roles, tasks, and responsibilities. In this study, work/family balance is represented by the relationship between work/family conflict and work/family enrichment. Participants for this study included 161 women who were employed either part- or full-time, were in a heterosexual marriage, and had a least one child under the age of 18 living at home. In an effort to locate women who were simultaneously managing work and family roles, participants were recruited in a professional setting rather than among the population of university students. Path analysis was used to test the model of work/family balance. Two basic variations of the model of work/family balance were tested. First, a mediated model, which implied that the relations of support and self-efficacy to work and family satisfaction would be mediated by the conflict and enrichment variables, was tested. Second, a direct effects model was tested. In the direct effects model, paths were added from support and self-efficacy to the satisfaction criteria. Goodness of fit indices suggested support for the direct effects model. Implications for research, practice, and policy are also explored.
The Work/Family Conflict Self-Efficacy Scale (WFC-SES) (Cinamon, 2003) was designed to measure an individual's beliefs in her or his ability to manage work-family and family-work conflict. The ...current study examines the factor structure, reliability, and validity estimates for the WFC-SES. In a sample of 159 working mothers, results showed evidence of satisfactory estimates of internal and external validity. Exploratory analysis suggests that work/family conflict self-efficacy may mediate the relationship between work/family conflict and outcomes such as work and family satisfaction and work stress. The WFC-SES may be used to better understand the role that self-efficacy can play in the relationship between conflict and negative outcomes.
Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Counseling and Personnel Services. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. ...Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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