In this Letter, we report analyses of spatiotemporal dynamics of turbulence and structure in the limit-cycle oscillation (LCO) that precedes an L-to-H transition. Zonal flows are not observed during ...LCO, and the oscillation is the periodic generations or decays of barrier with edge-localized mean flow. Oscillatory Reynolds stress is found to be too small to accelerate the LCO flow, by considering the dielectric constant in magnetized toroidal plasmas. Propagation of changes of the density gradient and turbulence amplitude into the core is also observed.
Toll-like receptor (TLR) family acts as pattern recognition receptors for pathogen-specific molecular patterns. We previously showed that TLR2 recognizes Gram-positive bacterial components whereas ...TLR4 recognizes LPS, a component of Gram-negative bacteria. MyD88 is shown to be an adaptor molecule essential for TLR family signaling. To investigate the role of TLR family in host defense against Gram-positive bacteria, we infected TLR2- and MyD88-deficient mice with Staphylococcus aureus. Both TLR2- and MyD88-deficient mice were highly susceptible to S. aureus infection, with more enhanced susceptibility in MyD88-deficient mice. Peritoneal macrophages from MyD88-deficient mice did not produce any detectable levels of cytokines in response to S. aureus. In contrast, TLR2-deficient macrophages produced reduced, but significant, levels of the cytokines, and TLR4-deficient macrophages produced the same amounts as wild-type cells, indicating that S. aureus is recognized not only by TLR2, but also by other TLR family members except for TLR4.
Highlights ► Single unit activities were recorded from VTA in freely moving rats. ► VTA neurons responsive to social interaction all exhibited tonic excitation. ► Most VTA neurons responsive to ...reward were also activated during social interaction. ► PCP reduced firing activity of VTA neurons related to reward and social behaviors.
Constant-voltage-bias (V DS = V GS = 30 V) stress measurements are performed for a period of 10 5 s on thin-film transistors (TFTs) with amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (IGZO) channel layers ...fabricated via RF sputtering using a postdeposition annealing temperature of 200degC, 250degC, or 300degC. Thermal silicon dioxide is employed as a TFT bottom-gate insulator. All SiO 2 /IGZO TFTs tested exhibit the following: 1) a positive rigid log(I D )- V GS transfer curve shift; 2) a continuous drain-current decrease over the entire stress duration; and 3) recovery of the log(I D )-V GS transfer curve toward the prestressed state when the stressed TFT is left unbiased in the dark at room temperature for an extended period of time. The SiO 2 /IGZO TFTs subjected to a higher postdeposition annealing temperature are more stable. A small (and typically negligible) amount of clockwise hysteresis is present in the log(I D ) -V GS transfer curves of IGZO TFTs. These instability and hysteresis observations are consistent with a SiO 2 / IGZO TFT instability mechanism involving electron trapping within the IGZO channel layer.
Abstract
It is reported from the measurement of a negative ion beamlet emittance that the characteristic three-Gaussian components are observed in the emittance diagram. The negative ion trajectories ...are calculated using 3D PIC-MCC simulation in order to clarify the origin of this complicated phase space structure and underlying physical mechanism. The characteristic three-Gaussian components can be reproduced in the emittance diagram from the simulation result. It is verified that the Gaussian components are caused by the negative ions extracted from the different plasma meniscus region, that is, the central region or the region near the edges of the meniscus.
Procalcitonin (PCT) and presepsin (PSEP) are useful biomarkers for diagnosing sepsis; however, elevated PCT and PSEP levels may be observed in conditions other than sepsis. We hypothesised that PCT ...and PSEP levels could increase after severe traumatic injuries. Trauma patients with an Injury Severity Score of >=16 from October 2013 to September 2015 were enrolled in our study. We examined PCT and PSEP levels and their positive rates on days 0 and 1. PCT and PSEP levels on days 0 and 1 were compared. Risk factors for increasing sepsis biomarker levels were identified by multivariate logistic regression analyses. In this study, 75 patients were included. PCT levels on days 0 and 1 were 0.1+-0.4 and 1.8+-6.3 ng/ml, respectively (P=0.02). PSEP levels on days 0 and 1 were 221+-261 and 222+-207 pg/ml, respectively (P=0.98). As per multivariate logistic regression analyses, packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion was the only independent risk factor for higher PCT levels on day 1 (P=0.04). Using PCT to diagnose sepsis in trauma patients on day 1 requires caution. PRBC transfusion was found to be a risk factor for increasing PCT levels. On the other hand, PSEP levels were not affected by trauma during the early phases.
Abstract Negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as social withdrawal and blunted affect, usually persist for a long period, making rehabilitation difficult. Many studies have demonstrated a close ...relationship between function of the amygdala and social behavior. Normal social behavior is disturbed in animals administered phencyclidine (PCP), which is now considered a reliable pharmacological model of schizophrenia. Recent studies have reported that disruption of social behavior in PCP-treated rats involved dysfunction of the amygdala. Disturbance of function of the amygdala has also been reported in schizophrenic patients. However, no study has yet examined the effects of PCP on the firing activity of amygdala neurons. In the present study, we recorded the unit activity of basolateral amygdala neurons while rats engaged in socially interactive behavior. After identifying the response properties of recorded neurons, we then recorded the same neurons with systemic PCP administration. Approximately half of the neurons recorded from exhibited an increase in spontaneous discharge rate during social interaction. Only a few neurons exhibited suppression of discharge rate during social interaction. Systemic administration of PCP induced long-lasting activation in half of the neurons that exhibited an increase in firing rate during social interaction. PCP activated half of basolateral amygdala neurons related to socially interactive behavior, and might in this fashion produce dysfunction of social behavior.
Abstract
Sequences of hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) experiments have been done by NIFS research and development negative ion source (RNIS) for the deuterium NBI development. In the experiments, the ...co-extracted electron current with the negative ions and the electron density in the plasma generation region in the D experiment have been around three times higher than that in the H experiment. To explain the difference of the electron density in the RNIS driver region, a zero-dimensional numerical model is developed in the present study. The model only focuses on the isotope effect for vibrationally excited level of electronically grounded state molecules and its relevant cross-sections. The calculation results show that difference of the ionization channel numbers via molecular vibrationally excited states could be a reason to enhance ionization rate in D plasma.
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