In this study, we will outline some significant possibilities of infrared radiometry for measurements of plant surface temperature. We will consider the importance of the distance from the object to ...the radiometer, as well as the angle at which the radiometer registers the radiation. We will show how the change of these two factors affects the heat flux that enters the aperture of the radiometer from the object.
The aim of this research is to use an IoT multi-sensor monitoring system, to track the temperature and relative humidity of the air, as well as the temperature in the active root-inhabiting soil ...layer during the flowering period of trees in an orchard, as an important stage of spring phenology. With the help of the system, there were detected negative temperatures at night and in early morning combined with high relative air humidity for a long time period, which in the monitored period can affect the coming harvest.
The aim of our study is to check the possibility of using of the multisensory system for accurate monitoring of the change in temperature and relative humidity in the air and soil in an orchard. The ...measurements have been made for two years in several areas of an orchard, in specific places in the crowns of trees and the root soil layer. The results through entire period were adequate, and the correlation coefficients between the measured parameters (air temperature, relative air humidity, soil temperature and relative soil humidity) at different heights and in different zones had values between 0.995 and 0.9977.
Monitoring of living conditions in Cow farm through a multisensory system. This study aims to trace factors from living conditions in cow farm using a multisensory monitoring system, to outline the ...importance and to show some benefits of using this type of systems. Based on the data obtained, a temperature-humidity index was calculated. The results show that the living conditions of cows for milk in the studied farm for this period are extreme in terms of heat stress. The multisensory environmental monitoring system provides adequate information about the living conditions of cows for milk.
Sarah Hutton, renowned scholar of Ralph Cudworth’s philosophy in the present day, notes that Cudworth himself has constructed a conception of the human mind that lies at the root of most fully ...developed philosophical psychology that a representative of Seventeenth-Century Cambridge Platonists has ever endowed in the terms of his own intellectual heritage. Cudworth had turned his attention to the philosophical tradition of Platonism, especially to the Plotinus’ Enneads, to have developed the same philosophical psychology distinguished by its notion of the soul like self-determining entity having many faculties: intellectual, vital, and moral. On account of this state of affairs Hutton presumes that it is rightfully to think Cudworth undoubtedly to have carried out real theory of mind that has yielded explanations about discernible experience in relation to the human mental states. Hutton rightly thinks on account of that statement that the definitions of the essence of the soul Plotinus has presented in his Enneads, IV, are substantial part of Cudworth’s philosophical psychology that places emphasis on the notion of the soul like self-determining and ruling entity in the realm of mental processes in human vital experience. That soul according to Cudworth can in the same time sympathize with the phenomena of this experience. Here I propose discussion on these issues. I posit that Cudworth had relied on his notion of the soul when he had developed his own epistemology in relation to the conception of morality and freewill that he had been working out. Accordingly I maintain that the moral philosophy of Cudworth within this frame of reference has had its influence on the further development of the moral philosophy in Britain.
The present COVID-19 pandemic in most spectacular way delineates the need of rethinking about a big issue that in general is the main topic in this article. In this case we must do that in background ...of the very pandemic. This issue is tied to the main line of division as a whole between contemporary societies – a line of division between the cultures appreciating individual freedom in respect of ethics and the cultures that stake on the value of the community life. There is neither an explanation nor an indisputable solution to this division, because there will always be a tension between these notions which build dichotomies such as freedom and security, individual wishes and social duty, independence and interdependence. These dichotomies are the dichotomies of the present-day ethical narratives which still determine what our societies will look like during global pandemic as well.
This paper focuses on changes in food consumption that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. Its objective is to map changes at individual consumer level and identify the influence of different ...factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in individual food consumption. We conducted a cross-sectional online survey among 2,680 residents of Denmark (DK), Germany (DE), and Slovenia (SI) using quota sampling for gender, age and regional distribution. Data on consumption frequencies before and during the pandemic were collected with a food frequency questionnaire in the spring of 2020 (during the first lockdown period) for important types of fresh food and non-perishable food. Our results showed that, depending on the type of food, 15-42% of study participants changed their consumption frequency during the pandemic, compared to before. In all the study countries, the food categories with the highest rates of change were frozen food, canned food, and cake and biscuits; among the food categories with lower rates of change were bread, alcoholic drinks, and dairy products. People across all three countries shopped less frequently during lockdown and there was an overall reduction in the consumption of fresh foods, but an increase in the consumption of food with a longer shelf life in Denmark and Germany. Interestingly though, we observed diverging trends in all food categories analyzed, with some people decreasing and others increasing their consumption frequencies, demonstrating that the pandemic had different impacts on people's lifestyles and food consumption patterns. Using the method of multinomial regression analysis, we identified factors significantly (
< 0.01,
< 0.05,
< 0.1) related to increases and decrease in individuals' consumption frequencies in different food categories. The factors include restrictions put in place in response to the pandemic (i.e., closure of physical workplaces, canteens, cafés and restaurants, schools, and childcare institutions), changes in households' grocery shopping frequency, individuals' perceived risk of COVID-19, income losses due to the pandemic, and socio-demographic factors. Interesting differences between the countries were detected, allowing insights into the different food cultures. Conclusions include implications for policy-makers and actors in the food supply chain on the issues of healthy diets, food system resilience, and behavior change.
The quotation from The Methods of Ethics by Henry Sidgwick, placed in note 1 in this article, seems to be especially topical today, when astronomy and ethics are very different from what they were in ...the second half of 19th century. The present-day situation, subjected to the dynamics of development in the realm of social media, suggests that our notions of personal identity and the self-directing moral determination of identity are under the sway of fluidity and the variety of moral discourses in the public sphere. In the 1870s, in his The Methods of Ethics, Sidgwick greatly contributed to the formation of original discussion on that same issue. He was also the moral philosopher who thus proposed a proper interpretation of the philosophical issues regarding person and morality left as a legacy of Early Modern thought in the conceptions of writers such as Locke, Hume, and Kant. The present article discusses all these topics.
Series of mono- and bi-component cobalt and manganese supported on ion-exchanged clinoptilolite catalysts were prepared by impregnation method. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 ...adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The catalysts were tested in the reaction of complete oxidation of n-hexane. The highest catalytic activity was shown by the two-component catalyst containing 15 % of cobalt and 5 % of manganese oxides, which is due to the optimal ratio between the cation pairs Co2+/Co3+ and Mn3+/Mn4+ at Co/Mn = 1 on the surface calculated from XPS data and the presence of Co3O4.
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•Synthesis of Co, Mn and Co-Mn catalysts supported on ion-exchanged clinoptilolite for n-hexane oxidation.•The uniform deposition of the active phase does not lead to textural changes in the clinoptilolite support.•The most active catalyst is 15Co5Mn sample that one with Co:Mn atomic ratio on the surface approximately equal to 1.
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