Feasibility and stability were evaluated of a continuous multi-batch process for converting oleuropein (OLE) from olive leaf extract to the bioactive product hydroxytyrosol (HT). Carrier beads made ...of three different materials (calcium alginate, chitosan with deacetylated α-chitin nanofibers (DEChN), or porous ceramic) were investigated for morphology, thermogravimetric, sorption, and viscoelastic properties. Enzymatic hydrolysis of OLE conducted in a packed bed bioreactor containing cellulase immobilized to carrier beads yielded OLE degradation rates of ~ 90% and an average HT yield of ~ 70% over 20 batches. Ultimately, inorganic porous ceramic beads were less costly and exhibited superior performance relative to organic carriers and thus were deemed most suitable for industrial-scale HT production. Systems utilizing enzyme immobilization within packed bed reactors hold promise for achieving efficient production of valuable bioproducts from discarded biomass materials.
The carbon quantum dot (CQD), a fluorescent carbon nanoparticle, has attracted considerable interest due to its photoluminescent property and promising applications in cell imaging and bioimaging. In ...this work, biocompatible, photostable, and sustainably sourced CQDs were synthesized from byproducts derived from a biorefinery process using one-pot hydrothermal treatment. The main components of byproducts were the degradation products (autohydrolyzate) of biomass pretreated by autohydrolysis. The as-synthesized CQDs had a size distribution from 2.0⁻6.0 nm and had high percentage of sp² and sp³ carbon groups. The CQDs showed blue-green fluorescence with a quantum yield of ~13%, and the fluorescence behaviors were found to be stable with strong resistance to photobleaching and temperature change. In addition, it is found that the as-synthesized CQDs could be used for imaging of cells and tumors, which show potential applications in bioimaging and related fields such as phototherapy and imaging.
Prebiotics and probiotics play a positive role in promoting human nutrition and health. Prebiotics are compounds that cannot be digested by the host, but can be used and fermented by probiotics, so ...as to promote the reproduction and metabolism of intestinal probiotics for the health of body. It has been confirmed that probiotics have clinical or health care functions in preventing or controlling intestinal, respiratory, and urogenital infections, allergic reaction, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and other aspects. However, there are few systematic summaries of these types, mechanisms of action and the promotion relationship between prebiotics and probiotic. Therefore, we summarized the various types of prebiotics and probiotics, their individual action mechanisms, and the mechanism of prebiotics promoting probiotics in the intestinal tract. It is hoped this review can provide new ideas for the application of prebiotics and probiotics in the future.
Even traditional pretreatments can partially remove or degrade lignin and hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass for enhancing its enzymatic digestibility, the remaining lignin in pretreated ...biomass still restricts its enzymatic hydrolysis by limiting cellulose accessibility and lignin-enzyme nonproductive interaction. Therefore, many pretreatments that can modify lignin structure in a unique way and approaches to block the lignin’s adverse impact have been proposed to directly improve the enzymatic digestibility of pretreated biomass. In this review, recent development in sulfite pretreatment that can transform the native lignin into lignosulfonate and subsequently enhance saccharification of pretreated biomass under certain conditions was summarized. In addition, we also reviewed the approaches of the addition of reactive agents to block the lignin’s reactive sites and limit the cellulase-enzyme adsorption during hydrolysis. It is our hope that this summary can provide a guideline for workers engaged in biorefining for the goal of reaching high enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulose.
In this study, further research on an enzymatic hydrolysate-ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (EHADP) adhesive was carried out. Appropriate hot pressing conditions were clarified by measuring the bond ...strength of three-ply plywood bonded with EHADP adhesive, and the results indicated that the appropriate fabricate conditions were 170 °C and 5 min. The value of wet shear strength fulfilled the requirements of China National Standard GB/T 9846–2015 when plywood was fabricated by the appropriate conditions. In the research of curing behavior, the insoluble mass proportion promoted significantly as heating temperature and time were ≥ 170 °C and 5 min. Furthermore, a pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis indicated that adding ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) catalyzed the conversion of monosaccharides in the EHADP adhesive. The adhesion mechanism of the EHADP adhesive was studied by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis, and the chemical changes indicated that the adhesion mechanism was attributed to both mechanical and chemical bonding between the wood elements and the cured EHADP adhesive.
This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of incomplete degradation products of galactomannan (IDPG) on the production performance, egg quality, plasma parameters, and lipid metabolites of ...laying hens. A total of 288 laying hens were allocated into 4 treatments and fed diets supplemented with 0%, 0.01%, 0.025%, and 0.05% IDPG. Results showed that IDPG supplementation significantly increases egg production and decreases feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). Eggs laid by hens receiving IDPG exhibited higher eggshell strength (P < 0.05). Moreover, IDPG supplementation significantly increased the serum albumin content, and decreased the blood ammonia content as well as triglyceride levels in serum and liver (P < 0.05). Overall, IDPG can be considered as an effective feed additive due to its capacity of improving egg production, increasing plasma protein, and changing lipid metabolism of laying hens.
Bisphenol A (BPA), a common bisphenol molecule, is well known in the environment as an endocrine disruptor. Furthermore, BPs (BPA, BPS, BPF, and BPAF) have been shown in recent years to be neurotoxic ...to zebrafish. Tetramethyl bisphenol F (TMBPF) has recently been introduced as a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA) in various industries, including plastics and food contact coatings. However, a growing number of studies have demonstrated that the toxicity of some BPA substitutes is similar to or even stronger than BPA, posing potential harm to human health and the environment. In this study, we used zebrafish larvae as a model to investigate the neurodevelopmental effects of TMBPF at different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 mg/L). Our results showed that exposure to TMBPF at concentrations higher than 4 mg/L for 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) resulted in zebrafish mortality, whereas exposure to 2 mg/L for 144 hpf caused deformities. Furthermore, TMBPF exposure inhibited the development of the central nervous system, motor nerves, and dopamine neurons in zebrafish. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that TMBPF exposure significantly down-regulated the expression of oxidative stress-related genes (Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and CAT) and neurodevelopmental genes (mbp, gafp, and syn2a), while up-regulated the expression of dopamine-related genes (th1, th2, and dat). Notably, treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) alleviated TMBPF-induced toxicity. NAC can regulate the expression of genes related to oxidative stress, neurodevelopment and dopamine development, and make the nerve development of zebrafish normal. Overall, our research suggested that TMBPF may disrupt the development of the early central nervous system and dopamine neurons, leading to abnormal motor behavior in zebrafish larvae. These results highlight the potential risks associated with the use of TMBPF in various industries and the importance to evaluate its potential risks to human health and the environment.
The development of eco-friendly adhesives for wood composite products has been a major topic in the field of wood science and product engineering. Although the research on tannin-based and soybean ...protein-based adhesives has already reached, or at least nears, industrial implementation, we also face a variety of remaining challenges with regards to the push for sustainable adhesives. First, petroleum-derived substances remain a pre-requisite for utilization of said adhesive systems, and also the viscosity of these novel adhesives continues to limit its ability to serve as a drop-in substitute. Within this study, we focus upon the development of an eco-friendly plywood adhesive that does not require any addition of petroleum derived reagents, and the resultant liquid adhesive has both high solid contents as well as a manageably low viscosity at processing temperatures. Specifically, a system based on sucrose and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) was synthesized into an adhesive with ~80% solid content and with viscosities ranging from 480-1270 mPa·s. The bonding performance of all adhesive-bound veneer specimens satisfied GB/T 9846-2015 standard at 170 °C hot pressing temperature. To better explain the system's efficiency, in-depth chemical analysis was performed in an effort to understand the chemical makeup of the cured adhesives as well as the components over the time course of curing. Several new structures involving the fixation of nitrogen speak to a novel adhesive molecular network. This research provides a possibility of synthesizing an eco-friendly wood adhesive with a high solid content and a low viscosity by renewable materials, and this novel adhesive system has the potential to be widely utilized in the wood industry.
•AS pretreatment retained most of the polysaccharides with a high delignification.•Semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation was designed and established.•Extremely high xylose conversion ...was quantified.•The process provides whole co-product generation from waste wheat straw.
A novel bio-refinery sequence yielding varieties of co-products was developed using straw pulping solid residue. This process utilizes neutral sulfite pretreatment which under optimal conditions (160 °C and 3% (w/v) sulfite charge) provides 64.3% delignification while retaining 90% of cellulose and 67.3% of xylan. The pretreated solids exhibited excellent enzymatic digestibility, with saccharification yields of 86.9% and 81.1% for cellulose and xylan, respectively. After pretreatment, the process of semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (S-SSF) and bio-catalysis was investigated. The results revealed that decreased ethanol yields were achieved when solid loading increased from 5% to 30%. An acceptable ethanol yield of 76.8% was obtained at 20% solid loading. After fermentation, bio-catalysis of xylose remaining in fermentation broth resulted in near 100% xylonic acid (XA) yield at varied solid loadings. To complete the co-product portfolio, oxidation ammoniation of the dissolved lignin successfully transformed it into biodegradable slow-release nitrogen fertilizer with excellent agricultural properties.
Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) is a class of functional oligosaccharides that have been demonstrated with prebiotic activity over several decades. XOS has several advantages relative to other ...oligosaccharide molecules, such as promoting root development as a plant regulator, a sugar supplement for people, and prebiotics to promote intestinal motility utilization health. Now, the preparation and extraction process of XOS is gradually mature, which can maximize the extraction and avoid waste. To fully understand the recent preparation and application of XOS in different areas, we summarized the various technologies for obtaining XOS (including acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, hydrothermal pretreatment, and alkaline extraction) and current applications of XOS, including in animal feed, human food additives, and medicine. It is hoped that this review will serve as an entry point for those looking into the prebiotic field of research, and perhaps begin to dedicate their work toward this exciting classification of bio-based molecules.
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