During the dilute acid pretreatment process, the resulting pseudo-lignin and lignin droplets deposited on the surface of lignocellulose and inhibit the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose in ...lignocellulose. However, how these lignins interact with cellulase enzymes and then affect enzymatic hydrolysis is still unknown. In this work, different fractions of surface lignin (SL) obtained from dilute acid-pretreated bamboo residues (DAP-BR) were extracted by various organic reagents and the residual lignin in extracted DAP-BR was obtained by the milled wood lignin (MWL) method. All of the lignin fractions obtained from DAP-BR were used to investigate the mechanism for interaction between lignin and cellulase using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology to understand how they affect enzymatic hydrolysis The results showed that removing surface lignin significantly decreased the yield for enzymatic hydrolysis DAP-BR from 36.5% to 18.6%. The addition of MWL samples to Avicel inhibited its enzymatic hydrolysis, while different SL samples showed slight increases in enzymatic digestibility. Due to the higher molecular weight and hydrophobicity of MWL samples versus SL samples, a stronger affinity for MWL (KD = 6.8-24.7 nM) was found versus that of SL (KD = 39.4-52.6 nM) by SPR analysis. The affinity constants of all tested lignins exhibited good correlations (r > 0.6) with the effects on enzymatic digestibility of extracted DAP-BR and Avicel. This work revealed that the surface lignin on DAP-BR is necessary for maintaining enzyme digestibility levels, and its removal has a negative impact on substrate digestibility.
This work sought to understand relation between the variations in chromatic values of biomass during different pretreatments and substrate digestibility. The giant reed (
Arundo donax
) was subjected ...to hot water (HW) and dilute acid (DA) aqueous (0.5%, w/w, H
2
SO
4
) with elevated temperature. The effects of the pretreatments on the chemical, structure, enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency, and color traits of the giant reed were investigated. Results from the colorimetric system (CIE-L
*
a
*
b
*
) showed that the luminance (∆L
*
) decreased with temperature for all conditions, and the total color difference (∆E) was dramatically changed during DA pretreatment. The ∆E showed a correlation with the content of the lignin (
R
2
= 0.76) and xylan (
R
2
= 0.80). BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) analysis and the images obtained from microscopes confirmed that the porosity of the cell wall increased with the severity of the pretreatments. The 180-DA-pretreated samples exhibited satisfactory enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency with 99.0%. There was a positive correlation between ∆E and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency, which could serve as rough yet high-throughput judges for predicting the trend of saccharification efficiency of the giant reed.
Fluorescence sensors prepared from natural polymers have received increasing attention based on their luminescence characteristics for bioimaging, cell imaging, and intracellular detection of ...inorganic metabolites. In this work, flavonoids isolated from bamboo residues (BRF) were applied as fluorescence sensors for different metal cations' detection in vitro. Results showed the optimal flavonoids extraction condition of solid to liquid ratio, ethanol concentration, extraction time and temperature were determined at 1:25, 50%, 240 min and 90 °C, respectively, resulting in an extraction yield with 104.7 mg/100 g bamboo residues. The BRF is mainly composed of isoorientin, isovitexin, pinosylvin, tricin and isorhamnetin by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. It is found that the BRF displayed strong blue-green emission as well as notable excitation, which can selectively and sensitively detect Fe
with the limit of detection (LOD) as low as 38.0 nM. In the Fe
detection was no obvious interference by other cations except for Al
. In addition, the BRF displayed excellent biocompatibility that can be applied to bioimages of the intracellular detection of Fe
in L02 cells. Finally, it is found that the BRF possessed significant antioxidant properties in scavenging H
O
-induced endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a zebrafish module (in vivo) and L02 cells (in vitro). These results showed that the flavonoid products sustainably isolated from an abundant lignocellulosic waste appear to be effective fluorescent sensors for Fe
detection in biological systems with excellent biocompatibility and antioxidant activity.
, a renowned edible fungus, has gained popularity as a functional food among diverse populations due to the abundant presence of amino acids, proteins, and polysaccharides. As the primary ...constituents of
, polysaccharides exhibit a wide range of biological properties, making them an exceptional choice for incorporation into food, medicines, and diverse biotechnological applications. This review provides a summary of the recent research on the extraction, purification, and biological applications of polysaccharides from various
spp. Currently, there are many advanced extraction technologies, such as hot water-based extraction, alkali-based extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. Hence, the latest progress of extraction technologies, as well as their advantages and limitations will be discusses and summarizes in this review. The separation and purification methods of polysaccharide from
were introduced, including ethanol precipitation, deproteinization and gel filtration chromatography. It also focuses on exploring the diverse bioactive capabilities of
, including anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammation, and anti-bacterial properties. Hence, this review aims to foster a comprehensive understanding of the polysaccharides from various
spp. and pave the way for their promising and potential future applications in the medical and functional fields.
Herein, we assessed the impact of dietary addition of konjac mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) on the growth, intestinal morphology, serum immune status, and oxidative status in Partridge Shank chickens. ...For the experiment, one-day-old chicks (n=192) were randomized into six replicates (n=8/replicate) and fed four different diets: a basal diet containing 0 (Control group), 0.5, 1, or 1.5 g MOS per kg of diet (g/kg) for 50 d. Relative to the control, the group fed 0.5 g/kg MOS decreased feed consumption from 22nd to 50th d and 1st to 50th d (P<0.05). By adding MOS, the height of the intestinal villus and the villus height to crypt depth ratio were increased (P<0.05); 1.5 g/kg MOS was the best dosage for these parameters. Jejunal and ileal goblet cell density increased following MOS supplementation at 21 d (P<0.01) and 50 d in the jejunum (P<0.05), respectively. Moreover, adding MOS to the diet increased the contents of IgA and IgM at 21 d (P<0.05) and total antioxidant capacity (P<0.05) at 50 d in the serum but decreased malondialdehyde content (P<0.01) at 21 d in the group fed 0.5 and 1.5 g/kg MOS. The findings suggested that MOS supplementation could affect feed consumption, intestinal health, serous immunity, and antioxidant capacity of Partridge Shank chickens.
Mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) can be used in poultry production to modulate immunity and improve growth performance. So, we hypothesized that our enzymatic MOS could achieve the same effects in ...broilers. To investigate this, a total of 192 one-day-old Partridge Shank chickens were allocated to four dietary treatments consisting of six replicates with eight chicks per replicate, and they were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g MOS per kg of diet(g/kg) for42 days. Treatments did not affect the growth performance of chickens. Dietary MOS linearly increased the relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius and jejunal immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) content, whereas it linearly decreased cecal Salmonella colonies at 21 days (p < 0.05). The concentration of jejunal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and IgG at 42 days as well as ileal sIgA, IgG, and IgM at 21 and 42 days were quadratically enhanced by MOS supplementation (p < 0.05). Also, chickens fed MOS exhibited linear and quadratic reduction in jejunal malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this enzymatic MOS can improve the immune function and intestinal oxidative status of Partridge Shank chickens.
Galactomannan, a water-soluble polymer in the cell wall of leguminous plants, has been proven to possess anticancer and antioxidative activity. In this work, galactomannan with different molecular ...weights (GM-40 and GM-65) was obtained from
seeds and synthesized into galactomannan⁻iron(III) complexes, which are termed as GM-40-Fe and GM-65-Fe, respectively. These galactomannan⁻iron(III) complexes are intended to function as organic iron supplements to treat iron deficiency with the added benefit of antioxidative activity. The prepared galactomannan⁻iron(III) complexes were characterized for chemical composition, morphology, antioxidant capacity, and bioavailability in vitro. The results showed that galactomannan⁻iron(III) complexes could be produced with iron contents as high as 65.4 mg/g. Antioxidant assays indicated that both GM-40-Fe and GM-65-Fe exhibited antioxidant activities for scavenging radicals in vitro. The iron release/bioavailability assays showed that the iron was easily released into artificial gastric and intestinal juices, resulting in iron release rates of 88⁻94% over 300 min. These results suggest that galactomannan⁻iron(III) complexes synthesized from
seed polysaccharides are capable of being administered as organic iron supplements to patients with iron deficiency.
Skin is the largest organ of humans. Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) is the primary environmental factor that causes skin damage. The compound, (-)-loliode, isolated from the brown seaweed
, showed ...strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in in vitro and in vivo models. To further explore the potential of (-)-loliode in cosmetics, in the present study, we investigated the photoprotective effect of (-)-loliode in vitro in skin cells and in vivo in zebrafish. The results indicated that (-)-loliode significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, improved cell viability, and suppressed apoptosis of UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes. In addition, (-)-loliode remarkably attenuated oxidative damage, improved collagen synthesis, and inhibited matrix metalloproteinases expression in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, the in vivo test demonstrated that (-)-loliode effectively and dose-dependently suppressed UVB-induced zebrafish damage displayed in decreasing the levels of ROS, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, and cell death in UVB-irradiated zebrafish. These results indicate that (-)-loliode possesses strong photoprotective activities and suggest (-)-loliode may an ideal ingredient in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.
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