Multiple enhancers co-regulating the same gene is prevalent and plays a crucial role during development and disease. However, how multiple enhancers coordinate the same gene expression across various ...cell types remains largely unexplored at genome scale.
We develop a computational approach that enables the quantitative assessment of enhancer specificity and selectivity across diverse cell types, leveraging enhancer-promoter (E-P) interactions data. We observe two well-known gene regulation patterns controlled by enhancer clusters, which regulate the same gene either in a limited number of cell types (Specific pattern, Spe) or in the majority of cell types (Conserved pattern, Con), both of which are enriched for super-enhancers (SEs). We identify a previously overlooked pattern (Variable pattern, Var) that multiple enhancers link to the same gene, but rarely coexist in the same cell type. These three patterns control the genes associating with distinct biological function and exhibit unique epigenetic features. Specifically, we discover a subset of Var patterns contains Shared enhancers with stable enhancer-promoter interactions in the majority of cell types, which might contribute to maintaining gene expression by recruiting abundant CTCF.
Together, our findings reveal three distinct E-P regulation patterns across different cell types, providing insights into deciphering the complexity of gene transcriptional regulation.
Recent studies have highlighted super-enhancers (SEs) as important regulatory elements for gene expression, but their intrinsic properties remain incompletely characterized. Through an integrative ...analysis of Hi-C and ChIP-seq data, here we find that a significant fraction of SEs are hierarchically organized, containing both hub and non-hub enhancers. Hub enhancers share similar histone marks with non-hub enhancers, but are distinctly associated with cohesin and CTCF binding sites and disease-associated genetic variants. Genetic ablation of hub enhancers results in profound defects in gene activation and local chromatin landscape. As such, hub enhancers are the major constituents responsible for SE functional and structural organization.
Antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) as a wide‐bandgap, nontoxic, and stable photovoltaic material reveals great potential for the uppermost cells in Si‐based tandem cell stacks. Sb2S3 solar cells with a ...compatible process, acceptable cost, and high efficiency therefore become the mandatory prerequisites to match silicon bottom cells. The performance of vacuum processed Sb2S3 device is pinned by bulk and interfacial recombination. Herein, a thermally treated TiO2 buffer layer induces quasiepitaxial growth of vertical orientation Sb2S3 absorber overcoming interface defects and absorber transport loss. Such novel growth could pronouncedly improve the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) due to the superior interface quality and intraribbon transport. The epitaxial rough Sb2S3 surface shows a texturized‐like morphology. It is optimized by tuning the grain sizes to form strong light trapping effect, which further enhances the short‐circuit current density (Jsc) with a 16% improvement. The final optimal device with high stability obtains a power conversion efficiency of 5.4%, which is the best efficiency for full‐inorganic Sb2S3 solar cells. The present developed quasiepitaxy strategy supports a superior interface, vertical orientation, and surface light trapping effect, which provides a new perspective for efficient noncubic material thin film solar cells.
A facile and efficient strategy is developed to achieve quasiepitaxy growth of hk1 oriented Sb2S3 films by controlling the exposure facet and oxygen vacancy of the TiO2 film. Owing to the superior interface, vertical orientation, and light trapping effect, the epitaxial Sb2S3 solar cell obtains an efficiency of 5.4%, which is the best efficiency for full‐inorganic planar Sb2S3 solar cells.
The threats of climatic change on life, health, and the environment have been regarded by the joint consensus of scholars in the recent decades. With the advancement of global green development, ...green finance has paved the way for the government to respond to the challenges of climate change by providing mature financial services, appropriate financing, investment, and project funds related to environmental protection. In this context, green finance was proposed, and the relationship between green finance, renewable energy, and carbon emissions in the BRICS countries from 2000 to 2018 was further studied based on the quantile regression model. The presence of cross-sectional dependence in panel results is tested through CD and LM methods. The findings show the negative effect of green finance and non-fossil energy consumption on CO
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emissions. Furthermore, economic growth, trade openness, energy consumption, and foreign direct investment increase the CO
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emissions. Finally, the research results confirm that green finance is the best financial strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
It has become an emerging idea for fitness apps to be gamified to intrinsically and extrinsically motivate user's usage intention or behavior. For the long-term success of gamified fitness apps, ...understanding what and how various motivations affect continued use is critical. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies was used to explore two research questions concerning gamified fitness applications. Specifically, the research questions focused on understanding the impacts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on continued usage. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate whether extrinsic motivations enhance or diminish the influence of intrinsic motivations. Results from qualitative study identified three intrinsic motivations (self-development, self-control and hedonic motivation) and two extrinsic motivations (social recognition and financial reward) in gamified fitness apps. Results from quantitative study indicated that intrinsic motivations (formed by self-development, self-control and hedonic motivation), financial reward and social recognition could significantly improve intention for continued use; and further, both financial reward and social recognition could crowd-in intrinsic motivations. This research offers insights into the phenomenon of motivation crowding effects on the intention to continue using gamified fitness apps.
Genome-wide mapping of three dimensional chromatin organization is an important yet technically challenging task. To aid experimental effort and to understand the determinants of long-range chromatin ...interactions, we have developed a computational model integrating Hi-C and histone mark ChIP-seq data to predict two important features of chromatin organization: chromatin interaction hubs and topologically associated domain (TAD) boundaries. Our model accurately and robustly predicts these features across datasets and cell types. Cell-type specific histone mark information is required for prediction of chromatin interaction hubs but not for TAD boundaries. Our predictions provide a useful guide for the exploration of chromatin organization.
Enhancers are the primary determinants of cell identity, but the regulatory components controlling enhancer turnover during lineage commitment remain largely unknown. Here we compare the enhancer ...landscape, transcriptional factor occupancy, and transcriptomic changes in human fetal and adult hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and committed erythroid progenitors. We find that enhancers are modulated pervasively and direct lineage- and stage-specific transcription. GATA2-to-GATA1 switch is prevalent at dynamic enhancers and drives erythroid enhancer commissioning. Examination of lineage-specific enhancers identifies transcription factors and their combinatorial patterns in enhancer turnover. Importantly, by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic editing, we uncover functional hierarchy of constituent enhancers within the SLC25A37 super-enhancer. Despite indistinguishable chromatin features, we reveal through genomic editing the functional diversity of several GATA switch enhancers in which enhancers with opposing functions cooperate to coordinate transcription. Thus, genome-wide enhancer profiling coupled with in situ enhancer editing provide critical insights into the functional complexity of enhancers during development.
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•Pervasive changes in enhancer landscapes occur during blood stem cell specification•Analysis of developmentally regulated enhancers uncover driver TFs and combinations•Genomic editing reveals functional hierarchy of super-enhancer constituents•Functionally divergent GATA switch enhancers cooperate within enhancer clusters
Enhancers are crucial determinants of cell identity. Huang et al. compare enhancer landscapes in human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and erythroid progenitors. They uncover driver transcription factors and their combinatorial patterns in enhancer turnover. Genomic editing of constituent enhancers reveals functional hierarchy and diversity of enhancer clusters during hematopoiesis.
Exploring the cohort behavior of local governments in green governance from the perspective of knowledge management can help promote the implementation of new development concepts. This article ...firstly explains the differentiation logic of local governments’ green governance cohort behavior based on the SECI expansion model. Secondly, by constructing a dynamic evolutionary game model, the conditions for the formation of positive and negative cohorts are analyzed. Finally, corresponding countermeasures are proposed. The results show that under the effect of knowledge management, the explicit and tacit knowledge, such as green governance ability and willingness of local government transform into each other, finally differentiates into four kinds of peer behavior states. Willingness stimulation, learning effect perception, complementary knowledge stock, knowledge synergy income, cooperation value-added income, punishment and reputation loss increase, which promotes local government green governance into a positive-peer state. Knowledge learning effect only exists in the early and middle stages of green governance, while the knowledge spillover effect has a more significant impact in the later stage of green governance; a higher gap between explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge, and a lower level of tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge, are conducive to the formation of positive-peer status.
The semiconductor antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) is a potential absorber materials for the top sub-cell of Si-based tandem solar cells because of its appropriate band-gap, simple binary composition, ...nontoxic elements, and long-term stability. In this study, polycrystalline Sb2S3 films were fabricated by post-annealing of radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtered precursors using an Sb2S3 target. The effects of the post-annealing temperature and atmosphere on Sb2S3 film properties and device performances were investigated. A high-performance device having a 2.41% power conversion efficiency was obtained by making use of a uniform Sb2S3 absorber layer. This preliminary experimental study shows that Sb2S3 thin films could be used as top sub-cell absorber materials for third-generation high efficiency, stable, and environmentally friendly Sb2S3/Si tandem solar cells.
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Boron is an essential trace element with roles in growth, development, and physiological functions; however, its mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, the regulatory roles of the ...PI3K/Akt signaling pathway on boron-induced changes in barrier function, proliferation, and apoptosis in rat intestinal epithelial cells were evaluated. Occludin levels, the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase, cell proliferation rate, and mRNA and protein expression levels of PCNA were higher, while the proportions of cells in the G0/G1 and S phases, apoptosis rate, and caspase-3 mRNA and protein expression levels were lower in cells treated with 0.8 mmol/L boron than in control IEC-6 cells (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). However, 40 mmol/L boron decreased ZO-1 and Occludin levels, the proportion of cells in the G2/M phase, cell proliferation rate, and mRNA and protein levels of PCNA and increased the apoptosis rate and caspase-3 mRNA expression (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). After specifically blocking PI3K and Akt signals (using LY294002 and MK-2206 2HCL), 0.8 mmol/L boron had no effects on Occludin, PCNA level, apoptosis rates, and caspase-3 levels (P < 0.05); however, the proliferation rate and PCNA levels decreased significantly (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The addition of 40 mmol/L boron did not affect ZO-1 and Occludin levels and did not affect the apoptosis rate or PCNA and caspase-3 levels. These results suggested that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway mediates the effects of low-dose boron on IEC-6 cells.
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