Optimal DASH-Multicasting Over LTE Park, Jounsup; Hwang, Jenq-Neng; Li, Qiyue ...
IEEE transactions on vehicular technology,
05/2018, Volume:
67, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) is a fast growing video streaming platform, which enables adaptive rate selection based on channel conditions. File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport ...(FLUTE) further enables multicasting of the DASH segments over LTE eMBMS systems. In this paper, an optimal DASH-multicasting solution is proposed to allow more DASH clients in an LTE network to receive better videos by optimizing the resource allocation, application-layer forward error correction (FEC) code rate and modulation and coding scheme (MCS) selection of each multicasting group, which corresponds to a FLUTE session. Multiple FLUTE sessions are considered to deliver multiple videos, each with different video rates, for enhancing the overall utility. We have applied the convex optimization method to find the optimal resource allocation in terms of utility for multiple FLUTE sessions. We also find the optimal FEC code rates to add redundancies to protect the video segments for each FLUTE session. Moreover, an efficient MCS selection is introduced to reduce the complexity of the algorithm. Simulation results, with realistic LTE parameters, are shown to prove the proposed scheme is optimal, with more DASH clients receiving better video representations within limited resources when compared to other existing algorithms.
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Multilayer capsules not only provide better protection for the core, but also enable multifunctionalities. However, their fabrication is challenging. Rapid encapsulation by the impact ...of the droplet is a simplified approach to form the compound droplet with a single shell layer. Therefore, it is worth exploring the potential for multilayer capsule formation with the approach.
We investigate the impact of an aqueous core droplet through a layered liquid pool to form compound droplet and use ultraviolet polymerization to solidify its outer layer. The critical conditions to form the compound droplet are studied. We then explore the protection features of the capsule.
We succeed in fabricating defect-free capsules that featuring a triple-layered structure with a solid outer shell. The corresponding formation dynamics is revealed. We illustrate that the capsule provides reliable protection to the core through fluorescent intensity monitoring, pH level indication and bacteria revival test. Our method can also be adapted to tailor the functionality of the capsule, which is demonstrated by fabricating the magnetically steerable capsule. Our proposed approach offers great potentials for protecting sensitive ingredients and allows great flexibility in customizing capsule functionalities.
•Low-cycle fatigue properties of BSB specimens with different corrosion ratios are investigated experimentally.•Predictive equations are proposed to clarify effects of corrosion ratio and fatigue ...strain amplitude.•Failure morphologies of corroded BSB specimens under different low-cycle fatigue loadings are discussed.
To evaluate seismic resistance of concrete structures with bimetallic steel bars (BSBs) over the entire life cycle, it is important to clarify effects of corrosion ratio and fatigue strain amplitude on low-cycle fatigue properties. The experimental results of this study indicated that corrosion had little effect on the shape of hysteretic curve of BSB specimens. Increases in the fatigue strain amplitude and corrosion ratio decreased the cycles to failure and total energy densities. For BSB specimens with ε = 0.6%, the stable stage in maximum stress curves gradually decreased with an increase in corrosion ratio. With increases in fatigue strain amplitude and relative number of cycles, the plastic strain range and plastic and elastic strain ratio increased. The effects of fatigue strain amplitude on low-cycle fatigue properties of the BSB specimens were significantly higher than those of the corrosion ratio. Predictive equations were suggested to quantify the effects of the fatigue strain amplitude and corrosion ratio on the cycles to failure and total energy density. For BSB specimens with ε = 0.6%, fracture source zones, fracture developing zones, and fracture zones could be observed. No obvious separation was found between the stainless steel cladding layer and the carbon steel substrate. When ε = 1.5 and 2.4%, the arc line in the fracture developing zone barely disappeared. There were separations between the cladding layer and the substrate. Furthermore, radial cracks were observed near the stainless steel cladding layer.
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is vital in the neural differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells, and together may have therapeutic potential for neural regeneration. In this ...study, a multiplexed polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle (PBCA NP) delivery platform was constructed, incorporating either surface-adsorbed or encapsulated BDNF for the induction of neural differentiation in induced pleuripotent stem cells (iPSCs), where tween 80 (T80) and superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) were added for central nervous system (CNS) targeting and magnetic resonance (MR) image tracking, respectively. Both methods by which the BDNF was carried resulted in loading efficiencies greater than 95%. The nanoparticle-mediated delivery of BDNF resulted in neural differentiation of iPSCs detected on immunofluorescence staining as early as 7 days, with enhanced differentiation efficiency by 1.3-fold compared to the control on flow cytometry; the delivery system of surface-adsorbed BDNF gave rise to cells that had the best neural development than the encapsulated formulation. T80-coating disrupted the in vitro blood⁻brain barrier model with a corresponding 1.5- to two-fold increase in permeability. SPIO-loaded PBCA NPs exhibited a concentration-dependent, rapid decay in signal intensity on the phantom MR experiment. This study demonstrates the versatility of the PBCA NP, and the surface-adsorption of BDNF is the preferred method of delivery for the differentiation of iPSCs.
Our understanding of crust–mantle differentiation is hampered by the large uncertainty in the composition of the inaccessible lower continental crust. The lower-crustal estimates derived from ...granulite terrains are compositionally much more evolved than those based on granulite xenoliths and there is no consensus on the origin of the compositional discrepancy. Here an integrated study of granulite terrains, granulite xenoliths and lower crustal–derived magmatic rocks from the Zhangjiakou region of the northern North China craton and a combination of geochronological, mineralogical, geochemical and geophysical data enable us to establish a complete Archean lower crustal cross-section for the first time. It shows that the late Archean lower crust beneath the North China craton is layered, with an intermediate upper lower crust and a mafic lowermost crust. The tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG)-dominated granulite terrains may merely represent the upper lower crust. Our results successfully solve the long-standing question regarding the compositional difference between granulite terrains and xenoliths. It is inferred that a layered Archean lower crust persists in many other cratons (e.g., the Siberian, Slave, Superior, and Tanzanian cratons) and it has an overall composition different from current lower crustal estimates. We further show that the Archean mafic lower crust is temporally coupled with the upper crust. This finding is significant as it raises an important question whether the mafic lower crust and exposed TTGs are genetically linked, which may be a key to understanding crust generation and differentiation processes.
The sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers and scoring systems used for predicting fatality of severe sepsis patients remain unsatisfactory. This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of ...circulating plasma DNA levels in severe septic patients presenting at the Emergency Department (ED).
Sixty-seven consecutive patients with severe sepsis and 33 controls were evaluated. Plasma DNA levels were estimated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay using primers for the human β-hemoglobin and ND2 gene. The patients' clinical and laboratory data on admission were analyzed.
The median plasma nuclear and mitochondria DNA levels for severe septic patients on admission were significantly higher than those of the controls. The mean plasma nuclear DNA level on admission correlated with lactate concentration (γ = 0.36, p = 0.003) and plasma mitochondrial DNA on admission (γ = 0.708, p < 0.001). Significant prognostic factors for fatality included mechanical ventilation within the first 24 hours (p = 0.013), mean sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score on admission (p = 0.04), serum lactate (p < 0.001), and both plasma nuclear and mitochondrial DNA on admission (p < 0.001). Plasma mitochondrial DNA was an independent predictor of fatality by stepwise logistic regression such that an increase by one ng/mL in level would increase fatality rate by 0.7%.
Plasma DNA has potential use for predicting outcome in septic patients arriving at the emergency room. Plasma mitochondrial DNA level on admission is a more powerful predictor than lactate concentration or SOFA scores on admission.
Immersive media streaming, especially virtual reality (VR)/360-degree video streaming which is very bandwidth demanding, has become more and more popular due to the rapid growth of the multimedia and ...networking deployments. To better explore the usage of resource and achieve better video quality perceived by users, this paper develops an application-layer scheme to jointly exploit the available bandwidth from the LTE and Wi-Fi networks in 360-degree video streaming. This newly proposed scheme explores the saliency of video contents, prediction of users' view and channel status information to maximize the system's utility in a multi-RAN environment. It also determines the optimal association of users with multiple Wi-Fi access points (APs). Besides, a novel buffer strategy is proposed to mitigate the influence of short-time prediction problem for transmitting 360-degree videos in time-varying networks. The promising performance and low complexity of the proposed scheme and algorithms are validated in simulations with various 360-degree videos.
Exposure to ambient PM2.5 and its bound metals poses a risk to health and disease, via, in part, oxidative stress response. A variety of oxidative stress markers have been used as markers of ...response, but their relevance to environmental exposure remains to be established. We evaluated, longitudinally, a battery of oxidative stress markers and their relationship with the exposure of PM2.5 and its bound metals in a panel of healthy participants.
Levels of residence- and personal-based ambient air PM2.5 and its bound metals, as well as of lung function parameters, were assessed in a total of 58 questionnaire-administered healthy never smoker participants (male, 39.7%). Levels of urinary oxidative stress markers, including Nε-(hexanoyl)-lysine (HEL; an early lipid peroxidation product), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), N7-methylguanine (N7-meG), and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), plasma antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and urinary metals were measured by ELISA, LC-MS, and ICP-MS, respectively. The results of three repeated measurements at two-month intervals were analyzed using the Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE).
After adjusting for confounders, residence- and personal-based PM2.5 levels were positively associated with HEL (β = 0.22 and 0.18) and N7-meG (β = 0.39 and 0.13). Significant correlations were observed between personal air PM2.5-Pb and urinary Pb with HEL (β = 0.08 and 0.26). While FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, MMF, and PEFR predicted% were normal, a negative interaction (pollutant*time, P < 0.05) was noted for PM2.5-V, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, As, and Pb. Additionally, a negative interaction was found for N7-meG (β = −21.35, −18.77, −23.86) and SOD (β = −26.56, −26.18, −16.48) with FEV1, FVC, and PEFR predicted%, respectively.
These findings emphasize potential links between environmental exposure, internal dose, and health effects, thereby offering valuable markers for future research on metal exposure, oxidative stress, and health outcomes.
Because mitochondrial dysfunction is a key factor in the progression of pulmonary hypertension, this study tested the hypothesis that transplantation of exogenous viable mitochondria can reverse ...pulmonary artery remodeling and restore right ventricular performance in pulmonary hypertension.
Pulmonary hypertension was induced by parenteral injection of monocrotaline (60 mg/kg) and creation of a left-to-right shunt aortocaval fistula in rats. Three weeks after creation of fistula, the animals were randomly assigned to receive intravenous delivery of placebo solution or allogeneic mitochondria once weekly for 3 consecutive weeks. Mitochondria (100 μg) were isolated from the freshly harvested soleus muscles of naïve rats. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed at 3 weeks after mitochondrial delivery.
Ex vivo heart-lung block images acquired by an IVIS Spectrum (PerkinElmer, Waltham, Mass) imaging system confirmed the enhancement of MitoTracker (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif) fluorescence in the pulmonary arteries. Mitochondria transplantation significantly increased lung tissue adenosine triphosphate concentrations and improved right ventricular performance, as evidenced by a reduction in serum levels of B-type natriuretic peptide and ventricular diameter. Right ventricular mass and wall thickness were restored in the mitochondrial group. In the pulmonary arteries of rats that received mitochondrial treatment, vascular smooth muscle cells expressed higher levels of α-smooth muscle actin and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain II, indicating the maintenance of the nonproliferative, contractile phenotype. The hyper-reactivity of isolated pulmonary arteries to α-adrenergic stimulation was also attenuated after mitochondrial transplantation.
Transplantation of viable mitochondria can restore the contractile phenotype and vasoreactivity of the pulmonary artery, thereby reducing the afterload and right ventricular remodeling in rats with established pulmonary hypertension. The improvement in overall right ventricular performance suggests that mitochondrial transplantation can be a revolutionary clinical therapeutic option for the management of pulmonary hypertension.
Mitochondrial transplantation for PH. Systemic delivery of viable allogeneic mitochondria reduces serum BNP and restores PA VSMCs to the nonproliferative contractile phenotype, thereby potentiating the vasomotor function of PA and RV performance. Mitochondrial transplantation can be a clinically applicable therapy for PH. Display omitted
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