Colorectal cancer is the 4th common cancer in China. Most colorectal cancers are due to modifiable lifestyle factors, but few studies have provided a systematic evidence-based assessment of the ...burden of colorectal cancer incidence and mortality attributable to the known risk factors in China.
We estimated the population attributable faction (PAF) for each selected risk factor in China, based on the prevalence of exposure around 2000 and relative risks from cohort studies and meta-analyses.
Among 245,000 new cases and 139,000 deaths of colorectal cancer in China in 2012, we found that 115,578 incident cases and 63,102 deaths of colorectal cancer were attributable to smoking, alcohol drinking, overweight and obesity, physical inactivity and dietary factors. Low vegetable intake was the main risk factor for colorectal cancer with a PAF of 17.9%. Physical inactivity was responsible for 8.9% of colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. The remaining factors, including high red and processed meat intake, low fruit intake, alcohol drinking, overweight/obesity and smoking, accounted for 8.6%, 6.4%, 5.4%, 5.3% and 4.9% of colorectal cancer, respectively. Overall, 45.5% of colorectal cancer incidence and mortality were attributable to the joint effects of these seven risk factors.
Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, overweight or obesity, physical inactivity, low vegetable intake, low fruit intake, and high red and processed meat intake were responsible for nearly 46% of colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in China in 2012. Our findings could provide a basis for developing guidelines of colorectal cancer prevention and control in China.
BackgroundA J-curve association has been demonstrated for blood pressure (BP) and all-cause mortality, but data on longitudinal change of BP and mortality in Chinese population are limited.MethodsWe ...performed a retrospective cohort study to examine the association between BP (at baseline and longitudinal change) and risk of mortality in Yinzhou District, Ningbo, China, based on the Yinzhou Health Information System. At baseline, a total of 181 352 subjects aged over 18 years with at least one BP examination record were recruited through the Yinzhou Health Information System. The final analysis was restricted to 168 061 participants after exclusion of outliers of BP.ResultsA U-shaped association was observed for BP at baseline and risk of total and cardiovascular mortality. When compared with normotensive participants, patients with hypotension (HRs=1.51, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.88) and stage 3 hypertension (1.28, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.50) had an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Relative to stable BP of normotension, having a rise in BP from normotension to hypertension or from prehypertension to hypertension both conferred an increased risk of total and cardiovascular mortality (total: 1.39 (95% 1.10 to 1.75) and 1.40 (95% 1.15 to 1.69); cardiovascular: 2.22 (95% CI 1.35 to 3.65) and 1.89 (95% CI 1.20 to 2.96), respectively).ConclusionsOur findings emphasise that hypotension and stage 3 hypertension were associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Longitudinal change from normotensive or prehypertensive levels to 140/90 mm Hg or higher could increase the risk of total and cardiovascular mortality.
For actual voting, the most important thing is voter privacy. Ring signatures widely used in electronic voting protocols to protect voter privacy due to unconditional confidentiality. It has been ...found that electronic signature protocols based on mathematical complexity are not secure. We propose an electronic voting protocol based on quantum ring signatures. The generalized GHZ state is prepared and distributed by a trusted third party (TTP), so that all users in the ring can effectively act as voters or verifiers. Users in the ring and TTP use quantum key distribution technology to share keys and encrypt messages. The entire protocol uses one-time secret technology to further enhance the security of the voting process.
Quantum key agreement (QKA) and quantum search algorithm (QSA) are two important branches in quantum topic. The former asks all participants to negotiate the agreement key equally, and none of them ...can fully determine the agreement key. The latter is used to provide an acceleration in searching the marked item in an unsorted database. To date, several QKA schemes based on either BB84 or entangled states have been proposed, the QKA protocol based on QSA is rare, only exists one multi-party QKA (MQKA) protocol based on QSA. In this paper, on the basis of the properties of Grover’s QSA, the first two-party quantum key agreement protocol based on quantum search algorithm known as Grover’s algorithm is proposed. The participants transmit a two-particle quantum state sequence directly by inserting decoy photons randomly. The initial-prepared two-particle quantum states are easy to be prepared with current technology. Moreover, there is no swapping entanglement technology used in this protocol, it only needs unitary operations and single-particle measurements. Compared with the existing two-party QKA protocol, the proposed QKA protocol is more efficient. In addition, the security analysis shows that the proposed protocol is secure against both external attacks and internal ones. Finally, the proposed protocol is generated to MQKA protocol based on quantum search algorithm.
Pollen grains of 16 modern species of Quercus were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). The focus of this investigation was on a small group (c. eight species) of ...alpine, sclerophyllous oaks that may form a monophyletic group within sect. Ilex. The data were combined with published data for Polar axis (P) and Equatorial diameter (E) for more than 80 species. Based on pollen morphology Quercus pollen grains were divided into three types: (1) The Cyclobalanopsis type is smallest (generally < 23 μm) in size, with P/E ratios of approximately 1.08 and a psilate or fine-grained surface; (2) Quercus sect. Ilex type is 23-29 μm, the P/E ratio is approximately 1.24 (prolate) and it has a rugulate pollen surface; (3) the Quercus sect. Quercus type is generally > 29 μm in size, has a P/E ratio of approximately 1.04, and a clearly verrucate pollen surface. Based on a comparison with modern pollen size and ornamentation, fossil pollen grains of the Quaternary Qinghai Lake core can be assigned to the Chinese southwest mountain oak group of Quercus sect. Ilex (in particular Quercus semecarpifolia). In addition, we show that the pollen percentages of Quercus rapidly increased to the highest level during the glacial period. Using SEM for the identification of fossil Quercus pollen grains is essential to ensure the accuracy of differentiating evergreen Quercus types (sect. Ilex versus sect. Cyclobalanopsis) during the last glacial period in southwest China.
Although several studies have evaluated the role of body weight as a risk factor for mortality, most studies have been conducted in Western populations and the findings remain controversial. We ...performed a prospective study to examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and all-cause mortality in Yinzhou District, Ningbo, China. At baseline, 384,533 subjects were recruited through the Yinzhou Health Information System between 2004 and 2009. The final analysis was restricted to 372,793 participants (178,333 men and 194,460 women) aged 18 years and older. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios(HRs) and 95% confidence intervals(CIs). We found an increased risk of all-cause mortality among individuals with BMI levels <22.5-24.9, although several groups were not statistically significant-adjusted HRs for persons with BMIs of <15.0, 15.0-17.4, 17.5-19.9, and 20.0-22.4 were 1.61(95% CI: 1.17-2.23), 1.07(0.94-1.20), 1.04(0.98-1.10), 1.06(1.02-1.11), respectively. In the upper BMI range, subjects with BMIs of 25.0-34.9 had a reduced risk of all-cause mortality. Sensitivity analyses excluding smokers, those with prevalent chronic disease or those with less than four years of follow-up did not materially alter these results. Our findings provide evidence for an inverse association of BMI and mortality in this population.
The quantum privacy query protocol (QPQ) is faced with low query efficiency, transmission channel noise, and low transmission efficiency problems. The quantum-privacy query protocol proposed by us ...aims to achieve a better quantum-privacy block query effect and has the function of anti-rotation noise. To solve the collective rotation noise in the transmission channel, we propose a one-way QPQ protocol based on four particles. The four-particle states {
ϕ
0
,
ϕ
1
,
ϕ
0
′
,
ϕ
1
′
} can be entangled by two Bell states {
Φ
+
,
Ψ
-
} with anti-noise properties. In general, the unidirectional quantum privacy query has more advantages than a bidirectional quantum privacy query. Besides, the post-processing scheme Yang et al. (Quantum Inf Process 15(9):38333840, 2016) can not only protect the parity result of the random key but also guarantee the security of the protocol. In the security analysis, we prove the security of the user and database.
The existing slope stability research, which is based on the fluid–solid coupling theory, is mainly focused on the slopes of central and eastern China. The impact of rainfall on the stability of the ...dump slope has often been ignored. It is worthwhile to reveal the mechanism of the fluid–solid coupling mechanics of dump slopes in the arid desertification area of northwest China under the maximum precipitation. The method of combining the seepage mechanics theory with the geomechanics theory was adopted. Darcy’s law and the mass conservation law were introduced to derive and establish the fluid–solid coupling analysis method. Taking the Xinxing Coal Mine in Wuhai City, China, as an example, the finite element software ABAQUS was used to construct the fluid–solid coupling model for slope stability analysis with unsaturated soil. The equivalent rainfall intensity of 68 mm/h for 1 h and 18 mm/h for 24 h was designed in the simulation, respectively. Four different types of initial water content (i.e., 1.72%, 7.34%, 14.69%, and 22.03%) of the dump slopes were defined as the initial conditions. The high-steep slope was compared to the standard slope. Therefore, a set of sixteen rainfall schemes was proposed. The variation regularity of slope stability was thoroughly discussed in regards to four areas: vertical deformation, pore water pressure distribution, equivalent plastic strain, and safety factor. As was expected, the research showed that the slope height and angle have a significant effect on the slope stability. When high-intensity rainfall occurs for a short duration, the slope tends to be more stable as the initial water content increases on the slope. When low-intensity rainfall occurs over a long period, the slope stability reduces if the initial water content is too high or too low in the slope.
Subtropical East Asia harbours a large plant diversity that is often attributed to allopatric speciation in this topographically complex region characterized by a relative climate stability. Here, we ...use observations of
Platycarya
, a widespread subtropical Asian tree genus, to explore the consequences of past climate stability on species’ evolutionary history in subtropical China. This genus has a controversial taxonomy: while it is now prevailingly treated as monotypic, two species have been originally described,
Platycarya strobilacea
and
P. longipes
. Previous information from species distribution models, fossil pollen data and genetic data based on chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) were integrated with newly obtained genetic data from the two putative species. We used both cpDNA (
psb
A-t
rn
H and
trn
L-F intergenic spacers, including a partial
trn
L gene sequence) and nuclear markers. The latter included sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and random genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms. Using these nuclear genetic markers, we found interspecific genetic divergence fitting with the ‘two species’ scenario and geographically structured intraspecific variation. Using cpDNA markers, we also found geographically structured intraspecific variation. Despite deep inter- and intraspecific genetic divergence, we detected genetic admixture in southwest China. Overall, our findings of genetic divergence within
Platycarya
support the hypothesis of allopatric speciation. However, episodes of population interconnection were identified, at least in southwest China, suggesting that the genus has had a dynamic population history.
We have recently demonstrated that GaAs nanosheets can be grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD）. Here, we investigate these nanosheets by secondary electron scanning electron ...microscopy （SE-SEM） and electron beam induced current （EBIC） imaging. An abrupt boundary is observed between an initial growth region and an overgrowth region in the nanosheets. The SE-SEM contrast between these two regions is attributed to the inversion of doping at the boundary. EBIC mapping reveals a p-n junction formed along the boundary between these two regions. Rectifying I-V behavior is observed across the boundary further indicating the formation of a p-n junction. The electron concentration （ND） of the initial growth region is around 1 × 10^18 cm^-3, as determined by both Hall effect measurements and low temperature photoluminescence （PL） spectroscopy. Based on the EBIC data, the minority carrier diffusion length of the nanosheets is 177 nm, which is substantially longer than the corresponding length in unpassivated GaAs nanowires measured previously.
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