Nutritional status, which is associated with osteoporosis and muscle weakness is considered an important factor in the management of acute osteoporotic vertebral fracture (AOVF). However, few reports ...have investigated the nutritional status of hospitalized patients with AOVF and the impact of malnutrition on their functional prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status of hospitalized elderly patients with AOVF using the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score and to determine the usefulness of the CONUT score in predicting their functional prognosis.
The CONUT score on admission was retrospectively calculated for 134 hospitalized elderly patients (mean age 83 ± 7.6 years, 66% female) with AOVF who received conservative treatment between 2017 and 2020. Functional outcome was assessed by comparing ambulatory ability before the onset of AOVF and upon discharge. Patients were divided into two groups: CONUT-high ( ≥ 4) and CONUT-low ( ≤ 3), according to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to predict decline in ambulatory ability upon discharge. Logistic regression analysis was performed to obtain odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the relationships between the nutritional status and ambulatory ability. The discriminative power of the CONUT score was then compared with other nutritional assessment tools such as the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) by ROC analysis.
81% of hospitalized patients with an AOVF were malnourished at the time of admission. The CONUT-high group had a significantly higher rate of decline in ambulatory ability (P < 0.001) than the CONUT-low group. Logistic regression analysis revealed the CONUT score ( ≥ 4) as an independent risk factor for a decline in ambulatory ability (OR 3.44, 95% CI 1.61-7.37, P = 0.0014). ROC analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for the CONUT score (AUC = 0.724) was significantly greater than that for the GNRI (AUC = 0.624, P = 0.021) and PNI (AUC = 0.636, P = 0.0008).
This study showed that 81% of hospitalized elderly patients with AOVFs were malnourished and that the CONUT score was a useful predictive factor of functional prognosis.
Odorant receptors (OR) are strongly implicated in coalescence of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons and the formation of olfactory bulb (OB) glomeruli. However, when ORs are first expressed ...relative to basal cell division and OSN axon extension is unknown. We developed an in vivo fate-mapping strategy that enabled us to follow OSN maturation and axon extension beginning at basal cell division. In parallel, we mapped the molecular development of OSNs beginning at basal cell division, including the onset of OR expression. Our data show that ORs are first expressed around 4 d following basal cell division, 24 h after OSN axons have reached the OB. Over the next 6+ days the OSN axons navigate the OB nerve layer and ultimately coalesce in glomeruli. These data provide a previously unidentified perspective on the role of ORs in homophilic OSN axon adhesion and lead us to propose a new model dividing axon extension into two phases. Phase I is OR-independent and accounts for up to 50% of the time during which axons approach the OB and begin navigating the olfactory nerve layer. Phase II is OR-dependent and concludes as OSN axons coalesce in glomeruli.
Significance The constant generation of olfactory sensory neurons throughout life makes the system appealing for studies of the mechanisms of axon extension and connectivity. Understanding the mechanisms leading to the genesis of these new neurons is fundamental for the development of therapeutic treatments. We provide here, to our knowledge, the first detailed analysis of the sequential steps leading toward fully differentiated sensory neurons. We show that odorant receptors are not involved in the initial steps of differentiation, but only later in the final process of maturation. Moreover, the proteins that we studied here also have been implicated in normal and pathophysiological events ranging from kidney function to cancer development, making our data valuable across different disciplines.
Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) of different chain lengths have unique metabolic and biological effects, and a small number of recent studies suggest that higher circulating concentrations of the ...very-long-chain SFAs (VLSFAs) arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0) are associated with a lower risk of diabetes. Confirmation of these findings in a large and diverse population is needed.
We investigated the associations of circulating VLSFAs 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 with incident type 2 diabetes in prospective studies.
Twelve studies that are part of the Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium participated in the analysis. Using Cox or logistic regression within studies and an inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis across studies, we examined the associations of VLSFAs 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 with incident diabetes among 51,431 participants.
There were 14,276 cases of incident diabetes across participating studies. Higher circulating concentrations of 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 were each associated with a lower risk of incident diabetes. Pooling across cohorts, the RR (95% CI) for incident diabetes comparing the 90th percentile to the 10th percentile was 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) for 20:0, 0.84 (0.77, 0.91) for 22:0, and 0.75 (0.69, 0.83) for 24:0 after adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, adiposity, and other health factors. Results were fully attenuated in exploratory models that adjusted for circulating 16:0 and triglycerides.
Results from this pooled analysis indicate that higher concentrations of circulating VLSFAs 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 are each associated with a lower risk of diabetes.
Editorial on the Research Topic Physiology and pathophysiology of the olfactory system One of the intriguing features of the mammalian olfactory system is the integration of newly generated sensory ...neurons and interneurons in the olfactory bulb throughout our life. The continuous reconstitution of the olfactory neural circuit that arises from the integration could modify the olfactory information processing, and thus impair the olfactory image of objects. ...to maintain the olfactory perception, the olfactory system has developed homeostatic plasticity which works under physiological and even pathophysiological conditions. Intranasal administration of eosinophilic cationic protein damaged the olfactory neuroepithelium by inducing apoptosis, but this damage was largely prevented by insulin administration. ...insulin administration might lead to the development of new therapeutic agents for olfactory neuroepithelial injury.
Health concerns have been raised about rice consumption, which may significantly contribute to arsenic exposure. However, little is known regarding whether habitual rice consumption is associated ...with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
We examined prospectively the association of white rice and brown rice consumption with CVD risk.
We followed a total of 207,556 women and men 73,228 women from the Nurses' Health Study (1984-2010), 92,158 women from the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2011), and 42,170 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2010) who were free of CVD and cancer at baseline. Validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaires were used to assess consumption of white rice, brown rice, and other food items. Fatal and nonfatal CVD (coronary artery disease and stroke) was confirmed by medical records or self-reports.
During 4,393,130 person-years of follow-up, 12,391 cases of CVD were identified. After adjustment for major CVD risk factors, including demographics, lifestyle, and other dietary intakes, rice consumption was not associated with CVD risk. The multivariable-adjuted HR of developing CVD comparing ≥5 servings/wk with <1 serving/wk was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.14) for white rice, 1.01 (0.79, 1.28) for brown rice, and 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) for total rice. To minimize the potential impact of racial difference in rice consumption, we restricted the analyses to whites only and obtained similar results: the HRs of CVD for ≥5 servings/wk compared with <1 serving/wk were 1.04 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.22) for white rice and 1.01 (0.78, 1.31) for brown rice.
Greater habitual consumption of white rice or brown rice is not associated with CVD risk. These findings suggest that rice consumption may not pose a significant CVD risk among the U.S. population when consumed at current amounts. More prospective studies are needed to explore these associations in other populations.
To investigate the effects of trans fatty acids (TFAs) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) by specific TFA subtype or method of assessment.
In the Cardiovascular Health Study, plasma phospholipid trans ...(t)-16:1n9, t-18:1, and cis (c)/t-, t/c-, and t/t-18:2 were measured in blood drawn from 2,919 adults aged 74 ± 5 years and free of prevalent DM in 1992. Dietary TFA was estimated among 4,207 adults free of prevalent DM when dietary questionnaires were initially administered in 1989 or 1996. Incident DM was defined through 2010 by medication use or blood glucose levels. Risks were assessed by Cox proportional hazards.
In biomarker analyses, 287 DM cases occurred during 30,825 person-years. Both t-16:1n9 (extreme quartile hazard ratio 1.59 95% CI 1.04-2.42, P-trend = 0.04) and t-18:1 (1.91 1.20-3.03, P-trend = 0.01) levels were associated with higher incident DM after adjustment for de novo lipogenesis fatty acids. In dietary analyses, 407 DM cases occurred during 50,105 person-years. Incident DM was positively associated with consumption of total TFAs (1.38 1.03-1.86, P-trend = 0.02), t-18:1 (1.32 1.00-1.76, P-trend = 0.04), and t-18:2 (1.41 1.05-1.89, P-trend = 0.02). After further adjustment for other dietary habits, however, the associations of estimated dietary TFA with DM were attenuated, and only nonsignificant positive trends remained.
Among older adults, plasma phospholipid t-16:1n9 and t-18:1 levels were positively related to DM after adjustment for de novo lipogenesis fatty acids. Estimated dietary TFA was not significantly associated with DM. These findings highlight the need for further observational, interventional, and experimental studies of the effects TFA on DM.
This study investigated the causal relation between circulating phylloquinone (vitamin K
) concentrations and type 2 diabetes by using a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. We used data from three ...studies: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study, Diabetes Genetics Replication and Meta-analysis (DIAGRAM), and the UK Biobank, resulting in 69,647 subjects with type 2 diabetes. We calculated a weighted genetic risk score including four genetic variants previously found to be associated with circulating phylloquinone concentrations. Inverse-variance weighted analysis was used to obtain a risk ratio (RR) for the causal relation between circulating phylloquinone concentrations and risk of type 2 diabetes. Presence of pleiotropy and the robustness of the results were assessed using MR-Egger and weighted-median analyses. Genetically predicted concentrations of circulating phylloquinone were associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes with an RR of 0.93 (95% CI 0.89; 0.97) per every natural logarithm (Ln)-nmol/L-unit increase in circulating phylloquinone. The MR-Egger and weighted median analyses showed RRs of 0.94 (0.86; 1.02) and 0.93 (0.88; 0.98), respectively, indicating no pleiotropy. In conclusion, our study supports that higher circulating phylloquinone may be causally related with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, highlighting the importance of sufficient phylloquinone in the human diet.
Chronic olfactory inflammation (COI) in conditions such as chronic rhinosinusitis significantly impairs the functional and anatomical components of the olfactory system. COI induced by intranasal ...administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in atrophy, gliosis, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the olfactory bulb (OB). Although chronic rhinosinusitis patients have smaller OBs, the consequences of olfactory inflammation on OB neurons are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the neurological consequences of COI on OB projection neurons, mitral cells (MCs) and tufted cells (TCs). To induce COI, we performed unilateral intranasal administration of LPS to mice for 4 and 10 weeks. Effects of COI on the OB were examined using RNA-sequencing approaches and immunohistochemical analyses. We found that repeated LPS administration upregulated immune-related biological pathways in the OB after 4 weeks. We also determined that the length of TC lateral dendrites in the OB significantly decreased after 10 weeks of COI. The axon initial segment of TCs decreased in number and in length after 10 weeks of COI. The lateral dendrites and axon initial segments of MCs, however, were largely unaffected. In addition, dendritic arborization and AIS reconstruction both took place following a 10-week recovery period. Our findings suggest that olfactory inflammation specifically affects TCs and their integrated circuitry, whereas MCs are potentially protected from this condition. This data demonstrates unique characteristics of the OBs ability to undergo neuroplastic changes in response to stress.
•Early-stage chronic olfactory inflammation activates the interferon-γ-driven inflammatory pathways in the olfactory bulb.•Tufted cells undergo neurite dysregulation in response to chronic olfactory inflammation.•Mitral cells and interneurons in the external plexiform layer are largely unaffected by chronic olfactory inflammation.•Tufted cells experience complete recovery from neurite dysregulation following a period of ceased inflammation
Harmful environmental agents cause nasal inflammation, and chronic nasal inflammation induces a loss of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and reversible atrophy of the olfactory bulb (OB). Here, we ...investigated the mechanisms underlying this inflammation-induced OB atrophy by histologically and biochemically comparing the OB changes in mouse models of nasal inflammation and odor deprivation. In addition, we examined whether odor stimulation is necessary for OB recovery from atrophy. One group of adult male C57BL/6 mice was administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) unilaterally for 10 weeks to induce nasal inflammation (control animals received saline), and a second group received unilateral naris closures (NCs) for 10 weeks of odor deprivation. The OBs atrophied in both models, but odor deprivation shrank the glomerular, external plexiform, mitral, and granule cell layers (GCLs), whereas the olfactory nerve, glomerular, and external plexiform layers (EPLs) atrophied as a result of nasal inflammation. Additionally, nasal inflammation, but not odor deprivation, caused neuroinflammation in the OB, inducing glial activation and elevated expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and TNFα. After 10 weeks of nasal inflammation, mice were housed for another 10 weeks with no additional treatment or with unilateral NC. Nasal inflammation and glial activation subsided in both groups, but glomerular and EPLs recovered only in those with no additional treatment. Our findings demonstrate that nasal inflammation and odor deprivation differentially induce layer-specific degeneration in the OB, that loss of OSN activity rather than neuroinflammation is a major cause of inflammation-induced OB atrophy, and that odor stimulation is required for OB recovery from atrophy.
ObjectiveSugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes have been implemented widely. We aimed to use a pre-existing nutritional survey data to inform SSB tax design by assessing: (1) baseline consumption of ...SSBs and SSB-derived free sugars, (2) the percentage of SSB-derived free sugars that would be covered by a tax and (3) the extent to which a tax would differentiate between high-sugar SSBs and low-sugar SSBs. We evaluated these three considerations using pre-existing nutritional survey data in a developing economy setting.MethodsWe used data from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey in Barbados (2012–2013, prior to SSB tax implementation). Data were available on 334 adults (25–64 years) who completed two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls. We estimated the prevalence of SSB consumption and its contribution to total energy intake, overall and stratified by taxable status. We assessed the percentage of SSB-derived free sugars subject to the tax and identified the consumption-weighted sugar concentration of SSBs, stratified by taxable status.FindingsAccounting for sampling probability, 88.8% of adults (95% CI 85.1 to 92.5) reported SSB consumption, with a geometric mean of 2.4 servings/day (±2 SD, 0.6, 9.2) among SSB consumers. Sixty percent (95% CI 54.6 to 65.4) of SSB-derived free sugars would be subject to the tax. The tax did not clearly differentiate between high-sugar beverages and low-sugar beverages.ConclusionGiven high SSB consumption, targeting SSBs was a sensible strategy in this setting. A substantial percentage of free sugars from SSBs were not covered by the tax, reducing possible health benefits. The considerations proposed here may help policymakers to design more effective SSB taxes.
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