Medicinal mushrooms occurring in South India namely Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus rimosus, Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus pulmonaris possessed profound antioxidant and antitumor activities. This ...indicated that these mushrooms would be valuable sources of antioxidant and antitumor compounds. Investigations also revealed that they had significant antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activities. Thus, Indian medicinal mushrooms are potential sources of antioxidant and anticancer compounds. However, intensive and extensive investigations are needed to exploit their valuable therapeutic use.
In this study, polysaccharides were isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (Polyporaceae) and their antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities were investigated using in vivo models. Potential antitumor ...activity was shown by G. lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) against solid tumor induced by Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma cells. GLP at 100 mg kg-1 body mass showed 80.8 and 77.6 % reduction in tumour volume and tumour mass, respectively, when administered 24 h after tumour implantation. Again, GLP at the same dose but when administered prior to tumour inoculation, showed 79.5 and 81.2 % inhibition of tumour volume and tumour mass, respectively. GLP showed significant dose-dependent activity in carrageenean-induced (acute) and formalin-induced (chronic) inflammation assays. At 100 mg kg-1, GLP exhibited 57.6 and 58.2 % inhibition in carrageenean-induced and formalin-induced assays, respectively.
U radu je ispitano in vivo citostatsko i protuupalno djelovanje polisaharida (GLP) izoliranih iz biljke Ganoderma lucidum (Polyporaceae). Ispitivani polisaharidi pokazali su potencijalno antitumorsko djelovanje na Ehrlichov ascitesni tumor. GLP su u dozi od 100 mg kg-1 tjelesne mase inhibirali volumen tumora za 80,8, a njegovu masu za 77,6 %, kada su primijenjeni 24 h nakon implantacije tumora. Ako se GLP daju u istoj dozi prije inokulacije tumora, inhibiraju volumen tumora za 79,5, a njegovu masu za 81,2 %. GLP pokazuju značajno, o dozi ovisno, protuupalno djelovanje u karagenan testu (akutna upala) i formalin testu (kronična upala). U dozi od 100 mg kg-1, GLP inhibiraju upalne procese za 57,6 odnosno 58,2 % u testu s karagenanom, odnosno formalinom.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the polysaccharide-protein complex isolated from the fruiting bodies (GLFPPC) and cultured mycelia (GLMPPC) of a highly valued medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma ...lucidum, to alleviate doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. GLFPPC and GLMPPC were isolated from aqueous-alcoholic extracts of fruiting bodies and cultured mycelia of G. lucidum by repeated ethanol precipitation, dialysis, treatment with Sevag reagent, and freeze drying. The polysaccharide component was confirmed by assays with anthrone and phenol-sulphuric acid regents and protein moiety with Bradford reagent. The amino acid profile of protein moiety was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. DOX-induced cardiotoxicity was determined using Swiss albino mice. DOX administration caused a marked increase of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activities, indicating injury to the myocardium. The polysaccharide-protein complex downregulated cardiac injury marker enzymes, enhanced activities of endogenous antioxidants (namely, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and reduced glutathione levels), and significantly attenuated lipid peroxidation. The results indicated that GLFPPC and GLMPPC imparted protection against DOX-induced oxidative stress. Biochemical assays coupled with histopathological observations supported this conclusion. These experimental findings suggest that the polysaccharide-protein complex isolated from G. lucidum might be a useful therapeutic agent to ameliorate DOX-induced cardiomyopathy.
Morel mushrooms, Morchella species are highly nutritious and excellently edible wild mushrooms abundantly growing in Kashmir Himalayas. The free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, and arthritis ...edema-inhibiting properties of bioactive extract of Morchella elata (EAE) were evaluated. EAE inhibited 53.2% formalin-induced paw edema at a dose of 500 mg/kg b.wt and 75.0% croton oil-induced skin inflammation at a dose of 50 mg topical application. EAE exhibited 51.8% COX inhibiting activity at a concentration of 100 µg/ml when assayed using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells exposed to the extract. NF-kB inhibiting activity of EAE was assayed using Lentix-293T P65 Ds Red stable cell line. High-throughput fluorescent imaging and flow cytometry showed profound ability of EAE to inhibit NF-kB activity. HPTLC analysis revealed that EAE is composed of several chemical components. The mushroom is a source of therapeutically useful functional food that can provide relief in arthritis.
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anticancer drug used extensively to treat a variety of human malignancies. DOX chemotherapy often leads to serious cardiotoxicity. We examined the ability of a Ganoderma ...lucidum extract (GLE) to prevent DOX-associated cardiotoxicity. DOX treatment of cardiac tissue drastically increased levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and protein carbonyls (PCOs), and significantly decreased reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase activities. Administration of GLE restored CK, LDH, AOPPs, and PCOs to almost normal levels and significantly enhanced the activity of SOD, GPx, catalase, and GSH; it also downregulated lipid peroxidation. Histopathological observations, hematology profiles, and electrocardiography parameters supported the protective effect of GLE against cardiotoxicity associated with DOX treatment.
Phellinus rimosus is a host-specific wood-rotting polypore that has been reported to be used by some tribes in Kerala, India, for curing mumps. We isolated a novel polysaccharide-protein complex from ...Ph. rimosus (PPC-Pr) that possessed significant antitumor activity. In this study, we examined the antiproliferative and apoptotic properties of PPC-Pr using human colon cancer cell line HCT116 as a model system. HCT116 cells were cultured in the presence of PPC-Pr at various concentrations (100-1000 μg/mL) for 24-96 hours, and the percentage of cell viability was evaluated using a 3-(4-5 dimethylthiozol-2-yl) 2-5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results showed that PPC-Pr inhibited cell viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The antiproliferative effect of PPC-Pr was associated with apoptosis on HCT116 cells. We analyzed the morphological changes in the PPC-Pr-treated HCT116 cells using fluorescent DNA-microscopy with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride hydrate (DAPI) and acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining. With DAPI staining, the cells treated with PPC-Pr showed nuclear shrinkage and chromatin condensation. Apoptotic morphology in cellular bodies as well as chromatin condensation were also confirmed by AO/EB double staining. Oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in PPC-Pr-treated cells was evaluated using a comet assay. The comet assay showed that control cells had few nuclei with fragmented chromatin, whereas apoptotic nuclei were more frequent in PPC-Pr-treated cells. These investigations indicate that the polysaccharide-protein complex from Ph. rimosus possesses antiproliferative activity and induces marked apoptosis in tumor cells in vitro.
Post-chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction remains one of the challenges in cancer survivors. Cytokine-induced neurotoxicity manifests in subjects at any time after doxorubicin (DOX) ...chemotherapy. We examined the effect of bioactive Cordyceps militaris mycelia extract (CM) on the energy status, oxidative stress, and acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain of DOX treated rats. The CM (150 and 300 mg/kg b.w.) and DL-α lipoic acid (LA, 100 mg/kg b.w) were administered orally once daily for 5 days to male Wistar rats prior to the DOX administration (18 mg/kg as 3 doses of 6 mg/kg, i.p. b.w.) and continued for 6 more days. Cellular antioxidant status, Krebs cycle dehydrogenases, electron transport chain complexes (ETC) (I, III, and IV), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level, advanced oxidation of protein products (AOPP), and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activities were determined in the brain homogenate. The DOX alone treated group of animals showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) of brain antioxidant levels, Krebs cycle dehydrogenases activities, ETC complex activities, and decreased ATP level, while lipid peroxidation and AOPP levels were elevated. CM at 300 mg/kg b.w. or LA at 100 mg/kg b.w. elevated antioxidant status, Krebs cycle dehydrogenases, and complex activities and thus alleviated the toxicity. CM also inhibited the AchE activity in brain. The experimental results thus reveal that CM possessed excellent capacity to attenuate oxidative stress, upregulate respiratory chain complex activity and ATP levels, as well as inhibition of AchE activity.
Ethanoic extracts from the fruiting bodies and mycelia of the elm oyster mushroom, Hypsizygus ulmarius, were evaluated for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. Ethnolic ...extracts of fruiting body and mycelia showed 88%, 85%, 71%, and 85%, 65%, 70% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethyl benzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging activities, respectively, at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined using carrageenan- and formalin- induced paw edema models. Diclofenac was used as the standard drug. In both models, the mycelia extract showed higher activity than the fruiting body extract. The antitumor effect of the extracts against Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites cell-line-induced tumors showed significant antitumor activity. Mycochemical analysis confirmed the presence of many pharmacologically active compounds such as phenol, alkaloids, proteins, tannins, and polysaccharides. Among these, polysaccharides and phenolic compounds were present at a higher concentration in both extracts. These compounds might be largely responsible for the mushroom's medicinal properties. The results of this study indicate that H. ulmarius possesses significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties.
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•Bioactive extract of F. pinicola possessed significant cytotoxicity and antitumor activity.•The extract inhibited cell cycle progression at G1 phase and induced apoptosis.•The ...extract inhibited angiogenesis.•The extract inhibited DMBA-induced cancerous papilloma formation showing anticarcinogenic activity.•11-α-acetoxykhivorin was identified as major bioactive chemical components.
Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.:Fr.) P. Karst is used in Chinese and Korean traditional medicine The study was aimed to evaluate the anticancer activity of bioactive extract of F. pinicola, mechanism of activity and to identify the bioactive molecules. Ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of F. pinicola was assayed for cytotoxicity, antitumor activity, inhibition of cancerous skin papilloma, antiangiogenesis, inhibition of cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis. Results showed significant cytotoxicity (IC50 of 100 µg/mL), inhibited tumor growth at a dose of 500 mg/kg, angiogenesis and cell cycle progression at G1 phase. HPTLC analysis of EAE showed 13 peaks indicating the chemical profile. LC-MS analysis revealed 11-α- acetoxykhivorin (RT 9.966, C14H44O12, MW 644.7095) as the major active chemical component. The results concluded that EAE of F. pinicola possessed significant antineoplastic activity. The observed anticancer activity might be assigned to the major chemical components of the extract.
Aim: Liver injuries induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) cause mitochondrial stress and disruption of membrane potential resulting in apoptosis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of ...Ganoderma lucidum against CCl4 (1:5 v/v in paraffin oil, 1.5 mL/kg, i.p) induced deterioration of the activities of mitochondrial enzymes and electron transport chain complexes in the liver mitochondria.
Methods: Ganoderma lucidum (100 and 250 mg/kg) was administered once daily for 15 days prior to the CCl4 administration. α‐Tocopherol (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as the standard. Hepatic damage was assessed by determining the activities of serum transaminases (SGPT and SGOT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 24 h after CCl4 injection. The activities of mitochondrial dehydrogenases as well as mitochondrial complexes I, II, III, and IV were evaluated.
Results: Activities of SGPT, SGOT and ALP were significantly (P < 0.01) elevated whereas, the activities of mitochondrial enzymes were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased by the CCl4 challenge. The mitochondrial reactive oxygen species level was enhanced and mitochondrial membrane potential was declined significantly. Administration of G. lucidum significantly and dose independently protected liver mitochondria.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that protective effect of G. lucidum against hepatic damage could be mediated by ameliorating the oxidative stress; restoring the mitochondrial enzyme activities and membrane potential.
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