Information and communication technology (ICT) is considered a significant factor in economic growth and development. Over the past two decades, scholars have studied the impact of ICT on economic ...growth, but there has been little research that has addressed the impact of ICT on human development, which is considered one of the fundamental factors of economic development. This could be especially important from the perspective of developing countries, which can develop faster through the implementation of ICT. Thus, the aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of ICT use on human development, distinguishing effects among high, upper-middle, lower-middle and low-income countries following the World Bank classification 2020. Our sample includes 130 countries in the period from 2007 to 2019. The empirical analysis is based on dynamic panel data regression analysis. We use Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) as an estimator, i.e., two-step system GMM. The results primarily support the dynamic behaviour of human development. The results of the analysis also show that ICT has highly significant positive effects on human development in lower-middle-income and low-income countries, while the effects do not appear to be significant in high- and middle-income countries. This research serves as an argument for the need to invest in ICT and its implementation in low-income countries; however, it also suggests that the story is not one-sided and that there are possible negative effects of ICT use on human development. From the perspective of economic policy, the results can be a guideline for the implementation and use of ICT in developing countries, which could lead to economic growth and development and thus better quality of life. On the other hand, policymakers in developed countries cannot rely on ICT alone; they should also consider other technological innovations that could ensure a better quality of life.
This study aims to assess the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on human development (measured with the human development index – HDI). The authors have analyzed the countries ...with different development levels in order to identify the possible differences in these impacts when observing the level of income (development of the country). The paper uses a static panel data regression analysis, while a fixed-effects estimator (FE) is used for estimation. To address the possible endogeneity problem caused by reverse causality, we also perform a dynamic panel data regression using the Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) estimator. The results support our hypothesis and show that ICT use and tertiary education positively affect human development, although the results vary by estimator. While in the case of the FE estimator, the effects are significant and positive across all observed countries, the results with the GMM estimators show a significant impact of ICT only in the case of upper-middle-income countries. However, it also implies that the lagged value of the HDI has significant and positive effects on the observed HDI. For economic policy, the results pinpoint the importance of ICT as a relevant instrument that can positively influence people’s lives directly or indirectly.
In the theoretical part of the research, the authors will define the category of human resources and identify its similarities and differences in relation to similar categories. Furthermore, they ...will provide a brief overview of theoretical and methodological achievements in the measuring of the value of human capital at the macro level, i.e. development of human resources. In the empirical part of the research, development of human resources will be evaluated through the HDI in selected countries, with particular emphasis on CEE countries. Human resource development rank of CEE countries in 2014 will be established, and the change in the index in the period 1990-2014 presented and analysed. In conclusion, it will be identified which countries achieved the greatest change in human development in the period 1990-2014.
The paper gives an overview of the real system as a multiphase single server queuing problem, which is a rare case in papers dealing with the application of the queueing theory. The methodological ...and scientific contribution of this paper is primarily in setting up the model of the real problem applying the multiphase queueing theory. The research of service system at Rijeka Airport may allow the airport to be more competitive by increasing service quality. The existing performance measures have been evaluated in order to improve Rijeka Airport queueing system, as a record number of passengers is to be expected in the next few years. Performance indicators have pointed out how the system handles congestion. The research is also focused on defining potential bottlenecks and comparing the results with IATA guidelines in terms of maximum waiting times.
Contemporary studies of economic inequality and poverty emphasise that their key causes are in the area of tax policy, labour force policy, and employment, and the causes that are being pointed out ...lately are education and educational attainment level of the population. The aim of the paper is to confirm the theoretically defined link between education and income inequality reduction and to point out that economic policy makers cannot solve the problem of inequality in society without a significant influence on public education, primarily through increased availability and quality of public education. In the second part of the paper, the Gini coefficient, the education index, and the coefficient of human inequality are used on the example of 130 countries to establish a correlation between education and income inequality reduction. The model shows a strong link between income inequality reduction (measured by the Gini coefficient) and increase in the educational attainment level of the population, increase in income, but also improvement of the health care system. It was found that, for each unit reduction of the coefficient of human inequality (IHDI), the Gini coefficient decreases by 9.7 points. In addition to research limitations and the proposal of future research, the conclusion proposes the opportunities and measures for increasing the educational attainment level of the population in order to reduce income inequality. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of tertiary maritime education.
The goal of this research is to provide an analysis of the development of the Republic of Croatia and 110 selected countries in terms of human resource development index components and the components ...of the Technological Achievement Index. Developmental lags of the Republic of Croatia were determined by the bird's eye view method in terms of the observed developmental indicators, and suggestions were provided for their development. The impact of the analysed indicators and their components on the economic growth of the Republic of Croatia and the selected countries was established by regression analysis. The paper provides possible developmental guidelines for certain components. The results of the research proved that the Human Resources Development Index is insufficient in the analysis of economic development, as well as the existence of the expected correlation between trained human resources, which enable technological progress, and economic growth of a country. Taking into consideration the correlation between the growth of the Human Resources Development Index, Research Capacity Index, Technology and Innovation Index, and the Ability to Absorb Knowledge and Technology Index and economic growth, which was determined by the application of a model, Croatia has to make additional investments in the growth of human capital and labour productivity in order to reduce developmental lags. Reprinted by permission of the University of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, Ivana Filipovica 4, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
The paper provides a definition of hypercomplexity and hypercomplex knowledge in knowledge-based economies and proves the hypothesis that development, application and expansion of new technological ...achievements have a direct impact on a country's economic growth.
Data collected from relevant databases for 110 world countries were used in the calculations. Data for other countries have not been published, which is a typical limitation in the application of such research methodology.
Developmental lags of the Republic of Croatia have been established by the method of transformation of variables in the analysed developmental indicators and their components, and proposals for their improvement have been provided. Taking into consideration the established effect of the increase in the Research Capacity Development Index, Technology and Innovation Efficiency Index, and the Ability to Absorb Knowledge and Technology Index on economic growth, Croatia needs to invest additional resources in the increase in human capital and labour productivity in order to reduce developmental lags.
In the theoretical part of the research, the authors will define the category of human resources and identify its similarities and differences in relation to similar categories. Furthermore, they ...will provide a brief overview of theoretical and methodological achievements in the measuring of the value of human capital at the macro level, i.e. development of human resources. In the empirical part of the research, development of human resources will be evaluated through the HDI in selected countries, with particular emphasis on CEE countries. Human resource development rank of CEE countries in 2014 will be established, and the change in the index in the period 1990-2014 presented and analysed. In conclusion, it will be identified which countries achieved the greatest change in human development in the period 1990-2014.
The research objective is to use the multi-criteria approach in order to analyse and establish the intensity of development disparties in Croatian counties since Croatia's independence, as well as ...their development tendencies. According to the basic hypothesis, it is possible to use dynamics analysis and development characteristics of Croatian counties in the past 20 years in order to establish tendencies of regional disparities and the key regional development problems. The meta-analysis method was used in the research because there was a great variety of information. Former development of Croatian counties was analysed in the first step, measured by the range between the minimum and the maximum value of some of the previously used development indicators of Croatian counties. The extent of relative development disparities was established, as well as whether they had been increasing or reducing. The main result of the analysis is evaluation of tendencies and the present development level in individual counties, and the key reasons which had an impact on development. Measures for reduction of development disparities are proposed. A complex multi-criteria regional development analysis conducted in the research shows that, in the period between 1991 and 2009, eleven counties were developing, three were developing at a slower pace, one was stagnating, and six counties lagged behind in development, which is the basic conclusion of the research. Reprinted by permission of the University of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, Ivana Filipovica 4, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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