Ključni dio ustavne nadležnosti svakog ustavnog suda predstavlja apstraktna kontrola ustavnosti zakona i drugih propisa. Prikazan je sustav ustavnosudskog nadzora ustavnosti zakona kao temeljnog ...jamstva oživotvorenja vladavine prava, konstitucionalizma i načela ustavnosti u formalnom i u materijalnom smislu. Rad je posvećen analizi odabranih odluka Ustavnoga suda Republike Hrvatske u nadzoru ustavnosti i zakonitosti upravnopravnih propisa, zakona i podzakonskih akata. Upravo ispunjavajući prikazanu ulogu u obavljanju zadaća iz svoje nadležnosti, Ustavni sud kao posebno tijelo državne vlasti stalno djeluje kao njegov ustavnopravni korektiv.
A key segment of the constitutional jurisdiction of every constitutional court represents abstract
control of the constitutionality of the law and other regulations. The system of constitutional court
supervision of the constitutionality of the law is demonstrated as a fundamental guarantee to reviving
rule of law, constitutionalism, and constitutional principles in a formal and substantive sense. This
paper is dedicated to the analysis of certain decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of
Croatia in the supervision of the constitutionality and legality of administrative regulations, laws,
and sublegal acts. It is precisely in fulfilling this demonstrated role of carrying out duties within its
jurisdiction that the Constitutional Court, as a special body of governmental power, continuously
acts as its constitutional law corrective.
Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske nema neposrednu nadležnost u izvršavanju različitih upravnih i upravnosudskih odluka, ali institut ustavne tužbe kojim se štite temeljna prava i slobode zajamčene ...Ustavom Republike Hrvatske, stavlja Ustavni sud u poziciju da odlučivanjem o zaštiti ovih prava, koja bi mogla biti povrijeđena tijekom postupaka i u izvršenju odluka donesenih u upravnim postupcima i upravnim sporovima, istovremeno ipak bude uključen i u izvršavanja rješenja upravnih tijela i presuda upravnih sudova. U sklopu zaštite temeljnih ustavnih prava i sloboda u izvršavanju upravnih i upravnosudskih odluka, uloga Ustavnog suda u zaštiti šireg pravnopolitičkog koncepta vladavine prava kao jedne od temeljnih i polaznih vrednota ustavnog poretka Republike Hrvatske iznimno je važna. Pravnopolitički koncept vladavine prava obilježava sustav političke vlasti koji se temelji na poštovanju ustava, zakona i drugih propisa, istovremeno i od strane građana i od strane tijela državne vlasti. U tom smislu svi opći pravni akti (propisi), kao i pojedinačni akti državnih tijela, moraju biti utemeljeni na Ustavu, zakonu i drugim propisima, a šire gledano, pravo na izvršenje upravnosudskih odluka proizlazi iz prava na pristup sudu. Izvršenje upravnih i upravnosudskih odluka jest posljednja faza upravnog postupka, odnosno upravnog spora. Njime se uspostavlja stanje koje se određuje u dispozitivu akta koji se izvršava. Izvršenje u upravnom postupku provodi se protiv osobe koja je obvezna ispuniti obvezu (izvršenik), odnosno njegovih pravnih sljednika. Ono se provodi po službenoj dužnosti (ex officio) kad to nalaže javni interes. Izvršenje koje je u interesu stranke provodi se na prijedlog stranke (predlagatelja izvršenja), a može se provesti i na temelju nagodbe stranaka. Izvršenje presude kojom je upravni sud riješio stvar dužan je osigurati tuženik.
The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia does not have direct authority in the enforcement of various administrative and administrative court rulings. However, the institute of ...constitutional legal action by which the fundamental rights and freedoms are guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia places the Constitutional Court in the position of deciding on the protection of these rights which could be infringed during proceedings and in the enforcement of court decisions reached in administrative proceedings and administrative disputes and must simultaneously be included also in the enforcement of decisions by administrative bodies and the judicial judgements by administrative courts. Within the protection of fundamental constitutional rights and freedoms concerning the enforcement of administrative and administrative judicial decisions, the role of the Constitutional Court in protecting the wider legal political concept of the rule of law as one of the fundamental and initiatory values of the constitutional order of the Republic of Croatia, is exceptionally important. The legal political concept of the rule of law is marked by the system of political power which is founded on respecting the Constitution, the law and other regulations simultaneously and on the part of citizens and on the part of the bodies of governmental power. In this sense, all general legal acts (provisions), as well as certain acts of government bodies, must be founded on the Constitution, law and other provisions and considered more widely, the right to enforcement of administrative judicial decisions emerges from the right to access the court. The enforcement of administrative and administrative judicial decisions is the last phase of the administrative procedure, that is, administrative dispute. It establishes the state which determines in the disposition of the act it enforces. Enforcement in administrative proceedings is carried out against the person who is bound to fulfil the obligation ( enforcee), that is, its legal successor. It is implemented officially (ex officio) when public interest orders it. Enforcement which is in the party’s interest is implemented at the suggestion of the party (enforcement applicant) and can be implemented on the basis of the parties’ negotiation. Enforcement of the judgement where the administrative court resolves the issue must be ensured by the defendant.
Izvlaštenje ili eksproprijacija predstavlja institut upravnog prava kojim država zahvatima u imovinska prava određenim subjektima oduzima ili ograničava ta prava u svoju korist ili u korist nekih ...drugih subjekata. Dok potpunim izvlaštenjem nekretnina postaje vlasništvo korisnika izvlaštenja čime prestaju pravo vlasništva i druga prava prijašnjeg vlasnika na toj nekretnini, nepotpunim izvlaštenjem ograničava se pravo vlasništva na nekretnini ustanovljenjem zakupa ili ustanovljenjem služnosti. U ovom ćemo se radu baviti ustavnopravnim aspektima određivanja naknade za potpuno izvlaštenje i osvrnuti na razvoj instituta izvlaštenja kao pravnog instituta u Hrvatskoj i u pojedinim europskim državama. Izložit ćemo i pojedine probleme vezane uz postupak određivanja naknade pri potpunom izvlaštenju te praksu Ustavnog suda Republike Hrvatske i Europskog suda za ljudska prava u Strasbourgu.
As opposed to civil law, the theory of administrative law comprehends the concept of public good as a good (thing) which, on the one hand, is in general use, and which everyone can use according to ...the principle of equality. Therein no one may impede or stop someone else from using that good as long as it is being used in its usual way according to its nature. Furthermore, a public good has the characteristic that it is exempt from civil law transaction. The theory of civil law in Croatia calls these things items of interest to the Republic of Croatia, relying on the formulations from article 52 of the Croatian Constitution. In the theory of administrative law, the division of public goods was practised taking into account the object, how it was created, its purpose, and the criterion of ownership (whether or not it can be the subject of civil legal ownership). In this sense land, water, maritime, and air goods are differentiated. Public goods are also divided according to how they came about, (public goods created naturally and by human action). Furthermore public goods are divided according to the criteria of their creation, of their purpose and of ownership. A further question which arises is the administration of public goods. The state, units of local government (regional), public institutions (museums, archives, libraries) and special public companies have the right such goods. The author also analyses the question of when these goods were declared existent as public goods and when they ceased to be public goods as in those cases where by its very nature of a being public good this is not superfluous as in the case of air or maritime goods. Examples of certain Croatian laws which regulate certain types of public goods are given. The question of demarcating public goods and their use also represents an important area in regulating public goods. Disputes related to public goods may arise due to the way they are used. This can be seen in the example of the question of whether a certain good can be classified as public. The government administration is certainly authorised to reach such decisions and the court can be given the authority to decide on certain disputes which arise related to the use and administration of public goods. In addition, the author deals with the issues of the authority over, keeping records of, and the protection of public goods.
Expropriation is an institute of Administrative Law by which the state intervenes in property rights of certain subjects and takes away or restricts those rights for its own benefit or for the ...benefit of other entities. While the complete expropriation of property becomes the full property of the user of expropriation that will cease the ownership and other rights of the former owner of the property, the incomplete expropriation restricts the ownership by establishing a lease or easement. The subject of expropriation is regularly an estate, which was esteemed to achieve a greater benefit used for the new purpose than it was before. The basic criterion for such a restriction or deprivation is the interest of the public that will exist if there is a need to build large infrastructure facilities such as roads, railways and hydroelectric power plants with its lake reservoirs. In order to build such facilities, it is necessary to deprive the land on which they are going to be built. The Croatian Constitution is based on the ethical principles that are expressed in its fundamental values. The social justice and the inviolability of ownership are two principles that will certainly find their place in the expropriation proceedings. Besides, Article 48 of the Constitution guarantees the right of ownership, and Article 50 prescribes that when in the interests of the Republic of Croatia it is possible to restrict or expropriate the ownership, with compensation of its market value. Finally, although the Croatian Constitutional Court has no direct jurisdiction in expropriation proceedings and determining compensation, the Constitutional Court is here to rule on the constitutionality of laws, as well as the institute of the constitutional complaint that protects human rights and fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution, gives the Constitutional Court the role to decide on the constitutionality of some provisions of the law relating to expropriation proceedings, and deciding on the protection of constitutional rights that could be violated during the process of expropriation, however, to be included in the process of determination of compensation for expropriated property. Also, the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg by its judgments provides this protection within the proceedings relating to compensation for expropriated properties by protecting property and other fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its various protocols.
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Transfrontier co-operation between units of local government in differrent fields of activity as environment and spatial planning, transport, traffic, improvement of local infrastructure, forestry, ...agriculture, water-supply and energy economy, health service, economy and employment, trade, tourism, education and culture is usual between the member states of the Council of Europe, as in the others as well. Author discusses about principles of transfrontier co-operation for local units of different states, following the regulation of European outline convention on transfrontier co-operation between territorial communities or authorities, European charter on local government, and new croatian regulation on transfrontier co-operation.
As opposed to civil law, the theory of administrative law comprehends the concept of public good as a good (thing) which, on the one hand, is in general use, and which everyone can use according to ...the principle of equality. Therein no one may impede or stop someone else from using that good as long as it is being used in its usual way according to its nature. Furthermore, a public good has the characteristic that it is exempt from civil law transaction. The theory of civil law in Croatia calls these things items of interest to the Republic of Croatia, relying on the formulations from article 52 of the Croatian Constitution. In the theory of administrative law, the division of public goods was practised taking into account the object, how it was created, its purpose, and the criterion of ownership (whether or not it can be the subject of civil legal ownership).In this sense land, water, maritime, and air goods are differentiated. Public goods are also divided according to how they came about, (public goods created naturally and by human action). Furthermore public goods are divided according to the criteria of their creation, of their purpose and of ownership. A further question which arises is the administration of public goods. The state, units of local government (regional), public institutions (museums, archives, libraries) and special public companies have the right such goods. The author also analyses the question of when these goods were declared existent as public goods and when they ceased to be public goods as in those cases where by its very nature of a being public good this is not superfluous as in the case of air or maritime goods. Examples of certain Croatian laws which regulate certain types of public goods are given. The question of demarcating public goods and their use also represents an important area in regulating public goods. Disputes related to public goods may arise due to the way they are used. This can be seen in the example of the question of whether a certain good can be classified as public. The government administration is certainly authorised to reach such decisions and the court can be given the authority to decide on certain disputes which arise related to the use and administration of public goods. In addition, the author deals with the issues of the authority over, keeping records of, and the protection of public goods.
Nasuprot građanskom pravu, teorija upravnog prava pojam javnog dobra shvaća kao dobro (stvar) koje je s jedne strane u općoj upotrebi, te kojim se uz primjenu načela jednakosti smije služiti svatko. Pri tome nitko ne smije onemogućavati ili ometati drugoga u korištenju toga dobra ukoliko se taj drugi njime služi na uobičajen način, sukladno njegovoj naravi. Pored toga, javno dobro ima svojstvo da je ono kao takvo izuzeto iz građanskopravnog prometa. Teorija građanskog prava u Hrvatskoj ove stvari naziva stvarima od interesa za Republiku Hrvatsku, oslanjajući se na formulaciju iz članka 52. hrvatskog Ustava. U teoriji upravnog prava uobičajila se dioba javnih dobara s obzirom na objekt, prema načinu nastanka, prema njihovoj namjeni, prema kriteriju vlasništva (mogu li ili ne biti predmet građanskopravnog vlasništva). U tom smislu razlikuju se zemljišno dobro, vodno dobro, pomorsko dobro, te zračno dobro. Javna dobra dijele se i prema načinu nastanka (javna dobra nastala prirodnim putem, te ljudskim djelovanjem). Nadalje, javna dobra dijele se prema kriteriju njihova nastanka, prema njihovoj namjeni, te prema kriteriju vlasništva. Daljnje pitanje koje se javlja s tim u svezi jest upravljanje javnim dobrima, te pravo na njega mogu imati država i jedinice lokalne odnosno područne (regionalne) samouprave, javne ustanove (muzeji, arhivi, knjižnice), te posebna javna poduzeća. Autor obrađuje i pitanja proglašenja postanka i prestanka javnog dobra u onim slučajevima gdje to po samoj prirodi javnog dobra nije suvišno kao u slučaju zračnog, odnosno pomorskog dobra. Navode se primjeri pojedinih hrvatskih zakona kojima su uređena pojedine vrste javnih dobara. Pitanja razgraničenja javnog dobra i njegova korištenja također predstavljaju važno područje uređenja javnih dobara. Sporovi u svezi s javnim dobrom mogu se javiti zbog načina korištenja javnog dobra, primjerice u pitanju može li se neko dobro smatrati javnim. Za donošenje takvih odluka svakako je nadležna državna uprava, a za odlučivanje o pojedinim spornim pitanjima koja se jave u svezi s korištenjem i upravljanjem javnim dobrima može se propisati nadležnost suda. Nastavljajući svoja izlaganja, autor se bavi i pitanjima nadzora nad javnim dobrom, evidencije javnih dobara, te njihove zaštite.
Transfrontier co-operation between units of local government in differrent fields of activity as environment and spatial planning, transport, traffic, improvement of local infrastructure, forestry, ...agriculture, water-supply and energy economy, health service, economy and employment, trade, tourism, education and culture is usual between the member states of the Council of Europe, as in the others as well. Author discusses about principles of transfrontier co-operation for local units of different states, following the regulation of European outline convention on transfrontier co-operation between territorial communities or authorities, European charter on local government, and new croatian regulation on transfrontier co-operation.
