With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, education has encountered unprecedented opportunities and challenges. This paper explores the current state of AI applications ...in education, their opportunities, challenges, and future development trends. First, the paper analyzes the current status of AI technologies such as intelligent tutoring, adaptive learning, teaching assistance, teaching resource generation, educational management automation, and their practical applications in education. This includes typical cases like intelligent tutoring systems, adaptive learning platforms, intelligent teaching assistants, and educational data analysis and management systems. Next, the paper discusses in detail the potential opportunities of AI in improving learning outcomes, achieving personalized education, reducing teacher workload, enhancing educational equity, and optimizing educational management. At the same time, it addresses the challenges AI technology faces in educational applications, such as ethical issues, data privacy protection, and inequalities in educational resources. Finally, the paper looks ahead to the future development trends of AI in education, proposing important directions for technological advancement, the integration of emerging technologies, the transformation of educational models, and continuous research. It provides a comprehensive analysis and forward-looking recommendations for the application of AI in the field of education.
•Established and emerging liquid embolic agents were summarized in this review.•The embolization mechanism and usage of liquid embolic agents were discussed.•Prospective and rational design ...guidelines were discussed.
Minimally invasive interventional embolization has tremendous advantages over conventional surgery in the treatment of vascular diseases and malignant tumors. Particularly, liquid embolic agents have garnered much attention owing to their properties of deep vascular penetration and full occlusion of vasculature independent of thrombus formation, which relies on the patient's coagulation system. Despite their drawbacks, traditional liquid embolic agents, such as lipiodol, N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, and Onyx, have benefited numerous patients. The original liquid embolic agents have been modified and optimized, and novel liquid embolic agents have also been developed using different strategies and mechanisms. This minireview provides a brief overview of liquid embolic agents, including approved and potential ones. Challenges, prospects, and rational design guidelines are also discussed. This review may spark interest in liquid embolic agents and open new avenues for the smart design of improved embolic agents in the development of personalized and precision medicine.
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Current oxidative stress amplifying strategies for immunogenic cell death (ICD) promotion are mainly restricted to immune tolerance induced by adaptive cellular antioxidation, limited ...tumor-selectivity, and tumoral immunosuppression. Herein, a facile and efficient scenario of genetically engineering transferrin-expressing cell membrane nanovesicle encapsulated IR820-dihydroartemisinin nanomedicine (Tf@IR820-DHA) was developed to boost a-PD-L1-mediated immune checkpoint blocking (ICB) via synergetic triple stimuli-activated oxidative stress-associated ICD. We demonstrate that the engineered transferrin of Tf@IR820-DHA has excellent tumor targeting and Fe(III)-loading properties and thus delivered Fe(III) and IR820-DHA nanoparticles (NPs) to the lesion location effectively. We found that the self-carrying Fe(III)-mediated programmable catalysis of DHA and glutathione (GSH) depletion generated plenty of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, DHA also acted as an immunomodulator to decrease the number of T regulatory cells, thereby remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment and achieving double T cell activation. Furthermore, the IR820 molecule served as a competent sonosensitizer to produce ROS under ultrasound activation and guide precise immunotherapy via fluorescent/photoacoustic (FL/PA) imaging. Through its three-pronged delivery of stimuli-activated oxidative stress (DHA-induced chemodynamic therapy, catalysis-conferred GSH depletion, and IR820-mediated sonodynamic therapy), Tf@IR820-DHA caused high levels of targeted ICD. This significantly increased the proportions of IFN-γ-secreting T cells (CD4+ T and CD8+ T) and enhanced a-PD-L1-mediated ICB against primary and distant tumors, which represents a promising approach for cancer nanoimmunotherapy.
The rational design of tumor microenvironment (TME)‐activated nanomedicine is driving a new direction in tumor immunology. Furthermore, the novel therapeutic mode of ultrasound‐triggered sonodynamic ...therapy (SDT) has been proven to specifically activate the immune response. Herein, a well‐defined covalent organic framework (COF) with sonosensitive properties is synthesized through experimental and theoretical verification, followed by the efficient loading of the toll‐like receptor agonist (Poly(I:C)) and in situ growth of paramagnetic transitional metallic oxide of manganese bioxide (MnO2). The MnO2‐Poly(I:C)@COF shell can reverse the reductive TME by consuming glutathione (GSH) to release Mn2+, simultaneously generating marked magnetic resonance imaging signals for real‐time guidance. Importantly, the MnO2 acts as an enzyme‐like nano‐catalyst to promote TME‐overexpressed hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and produce oxygen, facilitating SDT‐induced reactive oxygen species production, and inducing immunogenic cell death, thereby boosting immune engine and triggering abundant neoantigen exposure. With the powerful assistance of immunological agents Mn2+ and Poly(I:C), the triggered immune engine is amplified by refueling the engine (stepping on the accelerator) to reduce the immunosuppressive state. Overall, this study improves the synthesis of multifunctional COF and expands its application. The developed nano‐sonosensitizer system provides a paradigm to enhance SDT‐based high‐performance multifunctional sonosensitizers, and this SDT‐mediated strong tumor‐suppressive efficiency and activated immune effect represent a promising combinatorial therapeutic strategy for cancer therapy.
The study reports a well‐defined covalent organic framework with sonotheranostics and immune regulatory properties for imaging‐guided cancer combinatorial immuno‐sonodynamic therapy.
Despite recent advancements of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) in cancer immunotherapy, challenges have yet to be surmounted to further boost its immunotherapeutic efficacy due to the low‐level tumor ...antigens presentation of dendritic cells (DCs). Cell membrane camouflaged‐nanoparticles can integrate the neoantigens of the cancer cell membrane with the multifunctionalities of synthetic nanocores. Herein, sono‐responsive nanoparticles coated with DC‐targeted antibody chimeric cancer cell membrane are investigated for multimodal therapy. The nanometal organic frameworks (MOFs) that respond to ultrasound are loaded successfully inside the vesicles displaying an anti‐DEC205 antibody. The anti‐DEC205 chimeric vesicles can directly target and activate DCs, promote tumor antigens cross‐presentation, and then produce a cascade amplified T‐cell immune response. Upon deep tissue‐penetrating sonication, AMR‐MOF@AuPt generates large amounts of reactive oxygen species that directly kill cancer cells, further initiating an anti‐cancer T cell immune response. Such synergistic sono‐immunotherapies effectually inhibit tumor growth and induce strong systemic and long‐term immune memory against cancer recurrence and distant metastasis. The authors findings provide DCs and tumor cells of a dual active‐targeting cell membrane‐coated sono‐immunotherapeutic nanoplatform for cancer therapy.
Herein, sono‐responsive nanoparticles coated with dendritic cell (DC)‐targeted antibody chimeric cancer cell membrane are investigated for multimodal therapy. The nanometal organic frameworks (MOFs) that respond to ultrasound are loaded successfully inside the vesicles displaying an anti‐DEC205 antibody. The anti‐DEC205 chimeric vesicles can directly target and activate DCs, promote tumor antigens cross‐presentation, and produce a cascade amplified T‐cell immune response.
Abstract Simplifying the manufacturing processes of multilayered high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is yet of vital importance for their cost‐effective production. Herein, an in situ ...blending strategy is presented for co‐deposition of electron transport layer (ETL) and perovskite absorber by incorporating (3‐(7‐butyl‐1,3,6,8‐tetraoxo‐3,6,7,8‐tetrahydrobenzo‐ lmn 3,8phenanthrolin‐2(1 H )‐yl)propyl)phosphonic acid (NDP) into the perovskite precursor solutions. The phosphonic acid‐like anchoring group coupled with its large molecular size drives the migration of NDP toward indium tin oxide (ITO) surface to form a distinct ETL during perovskite film forming. This strategy circumvents the critical wetting issue and simultaneously improves the interfacial charge collection efficiencies. Consequently, n‐i‐p PSCs based on in situ blended NDP achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.01%, which is one of the highest values for PSCs using organic ETLs. This performance is notably higher than that of ETL‐free (21.19%) and independently spin‐coated (21.42%) counterparts. More encouragingly, the in situ blending strategy dramatically enhances the device stability under harsh conditions by retaining over 90% of initial efficiencies after 250 h in 100 °C or 65% humidity storage. Moreover, this strategy is universally adaptable to various perovskite compositions, device architectures, and electron transport materials (ETMs), showing great potential for applications in diverse optoelectronic devices.
•Unimolecule-based size-charge switchable nanomedicine is of importance for precision medicine.•Assembly and disassembly mechanism of unimolecular micelles for enhancing nanoparticle in tumor ...accumulation and penetration.•Acid-responsive unimolecular micelles with enhanced tumor penetration and dual immunization strategies for synergistic sono-immunotherapy.
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Immune checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy has been the most promising method for treating cancer patients. In this study, an anti-programmed death ligand 1 peptide inhibitor (APP) was engineered to act in the inner core of unimolecular polymers (Dex-PCR780-b-P(DPA-co-APP). The APP polymers had the capability of forming nano-micelles (PCR780-APP NMs) via self-assembly and featured controlled exposure in an acidic microenvironment while maintaining APP original bioactivity. Notably, in an acid tumor microenvironment, the PCR780-APP NMs (~ 121.1 nm, 2.3 mV) quickly switched into ultrasmall and positively charged PCR780-APP unimolecular micelles (PCR780-APP UMs; ~ 24.1 nm, 19.6 mV) with ultrastability, a narrow polydispersity index, and great fluorescence/photoacoustic (FL/PA) linearity due to its unique and definite unimolecular structure. Based on these advantages, under FL/PA imaging guidance, size-charge switchable PCR780-APP NMs could control exposure of APP and when combined with ultrasound, induce specific-dosage reactive oxygen species (ROS) that facilitates abundant immune T-cell recruitment and activation in deep solid tumors.
Purpose
To surmount the critical issues of indocyanine green (ICG), and thus achieving a precise surgical navigation of primary liver cancer after long-term transcatheter arterial embolization.
...Methods
In this study, a facile and green pure-nanomedicine formulation technology is developed to construct carrier-free indocyanine green nanoparticles (nanoICG), and which subsequently dispersed into lipiodol via a super-stable homogeneous lipiodol formulation technology (SHIFT nanoICG) for transcatheter arterial embolization combined near-infrared fluorescence-guided precise hepatectomy.
Results
SHIFT nanoICG integrates excellent anti-photobleaching capacity, great optical imaging property, and specific tumoral deposition to recognize tumor regions, featuring entire-process enduring fluorescent-guided precise hepatectomy, especially in resection of the indiscoverable satellite lesions (0.6 mm × 0.4 mm) in rabbit bearing VX2 orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma models.
Conclusion
Such a simple and effective strategy provides a promising avenue to address the clinical issue of clinical hepatectomy and has excellent potential for a translational pipeline.
Abstract Naphthalene diimides (NDI) are widely serving as the skeleton to construct electron transport materials (ETMs) for optoelectronic devices. However, most of the reported NDI‐based ETMs suffer ...from poor interfaces with the perovskite which deteriorates the carrier extraction and device stability. Here, a representative design concept for editing the peripheral groups of NDI molecules to achieve multifunctional properties is introduced. The resulting molecule 2,7‐bis(2,2,3,3,4,4,4‐heptafluorobutyl)benzo lmn 3,8phenanthroline‐1,3,6,8(2 H ,7 H )‐tetraone (NDI‐C4F) incorporated with hydrophobic fluorine units contributes to the prevention of excessive molecular aggregation, the improvement of surface wettability and the formation of strong chemical coordination with perovskite precursors. All these features favor retarding the perovskite crystallization and achieving superior buried interfaces, which subsequently promote charge collection and improve the structural compatibility between perovskite and ETMs. The corresponding PSCs based on low‐temperature processed NDI‐C4F yield a record efficiency of 23.21%, which is the highest reported value for organic ETMs in n‐i‐p PSCs. More encouragingly, the unencapsulated devices with NDI‐C4F demonstrate extraordinary stability by retaining over 90% of their initial PCEs after 2600 h in air. This work provides an alternative molecular strategy to engineer the buried interfaces and can trigger further development of organic ETMs toward reliable PSCs.
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