A measurement of the energy dependence of antineutrino disappearance at the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment is reported. Electron antineutrinos (ν¯(e)) from six 2.9 GW(th) reactors were ...detected with six detectors deployed in two near (effective baselines 512 and 561 m) and one far (1579 m) underground experimental halls. Using 217 days of data, 41 589 (203 809 and 92 912) antineutrino candidates were detected in the far hall (near halls). An improved measurement of the oscillation amplitude sin(2)2θ(13)=0.090(-0.009)(+0.008) and the first direct measurement of the ν¯(e) mass-squared difference |Δm(ee)2|=(2.59(-0.20)(+0.19))×10(-3) eV2 is obtained using the observed ν¯(e) rates and energy spectra in a three-neutrino framework. This value of |Δm(ee)2| is consistent with |Δm(μμ)2| measured by muon neutrino disappearance, supporting the three-flavor oscillation model.
The General Circulation Models and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) datasets used for the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) painted ...future opportunities and challenges afforded by climate change with broad strokes. The model outputs incorporate substantial uncertainty due to the relatively coarse spatial scales and the complexity of the processes incorporated in these models and as a consequence, it is difficult to predict future trends and infrastructure needs in large countries like China at local and regional scales over the next century. The work reported in this article describes several statistical transfer functions that were used to downscale CMIP5 climate predictions in China. The original and new downscaled CMIP5 predictions are compared with observations from 735 meteorological stations scattered across China for the period 2006–2015 to show the various improvements achieved with downscaling. Comparing the three RCP scenarios (2.6, 4.5 and 8.5) during the period 2006–2015 with observations from 735 meteorological stations indicates that MAEs of mean annual temperature were 1.9 °C for China on average and that the actual temperature was under-estimated at 87% of the meteorological stations under all three scenarios. After the downscaling process using a High Accuracy Surface Modeling (HASM)-based method, the MAEs for mean annual temperature under the three scenarios were reduced to 0.62 °C for China on average. The MAEs of annual mean precipitation were 317.29, 315.24 and 315.49 mm under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively for China on average and the actual precipitation was over-estimated by all three scenarios at approximately 75% of the meteorological stations. The HASM-based downscaling process meant that the MAEs for the three scenarios were reduced to 80–85 mm for China on average. The downscaled predictions are used to show how temperature and precipitation are likely to vary by region in China from 2011 to 2100. The downscaled results suggest that most of China will become warmer and wetter on average under all three scenarios over the next 30 years and provide improved information to guide the investments and actions that will be needed to improve climate change resilience across China's varied landscapes in the 21st century.
•Used statistical transfer functions to downscale climate CMIP5 predictions in China•Compared predictions with observations from 735 climate stations for period 2006–10•Show how temperature and precipitation are likely to vary across China up to 2100
To investigate a cultivation-independent method of enrichment for microbes living in association with plant tissues. A large quantity of leaves or seeds was enzymatically hydrolyzed, and the pellets ...were collected by differential centrifugation. Enzyme concentration, buffer and incubation time were optimized for release of plant-associated microbes. The relative abundance of plant nuclear DNA and bacterial DNA in the enriched sample was estimated by PCR amplification of genome-specific marker genes. The efficiency of microbe enrichment was estimated from the proportion of bacterium-derived clones and their restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) types as detected by 16S rRNA gene-based techniques. With a higher ratio of bacterial to plant nuclear DNA, the enriched samples showed a considerably enhanced proportion of bacterium-derived clones and a wider sequence diversity of those clones. The method described here proved to be remarkably effective in enriching for bacteria living in association with plant tissues. The method can be applied to study plant-associated microbes in the field of environmental molecular ecology and environmental metagenomics.
In a widowed family, the surviving parent and children face the loss together. However, most previous research in bereavement has focused on individual experiences. Although the family perspective ...has been introduced into the field, neither theories nor empirical research has explored mutual interaction. Dyadic coping reflects the family perspective and has been proven to be an influential factor in couples facing life adversities. Nevertheless, it has not been explored in the context of bereavement-specific stressors, including loss- and restoration-related stressors, nor in the parent-child relationship. This research is the first exploration of parent-child dyadic coping in widowed families in the bereavement context and aims to form a comprehensive conceptualization of parent-child dyadic coping following bereavement. Qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 parents and children from widowed families in mainland China (11 surviving children and nine widowed parents, representing 19 families). Constructivist grounded theory was used to guide the analysis. The main themes identified were dyadic coping-related cognitions, loss-oriented dyadic coping, restoration-oriented dyadic coping, and contextual factors. Three foci (thou, we, and I) were identified for both loss- and restoration-oriented dyadic coping. A conceptualization model of bereavement dyadic coping within widowed families was developed. This study extends the single I-coping perspective in bereavement coping to a we-coping perspective, provides an interactional- and operational-level knowledge on dual-process coping, acknowledges the bilateral interaction in parent-child relationships, and offers implications for bereavement support practice for widowed families.
Various tissues of rice plants were sampled from a PAH contaminated site in Tianjin, China at different growth stages of the ripening period and analyzed for PAHs. PAHs were much higher in roots than ...in the exposed tissues. Grains and internodes accumulated much smaller amounts of PAHs than leaves, hulls or ear axes. No specific gradient trends along roots, stem, ear axes, and grains were observed, suggesting that systematic translocation among them is unlikely. Over the ripening period, PAH concentrations were increased in rice roots and decreased in most above-ground tissues. Significant correlations between PAH and lipid contents can only be observed during full mature stage. The spectra of individual PAH compounds in rice organs including roots were similar to those in air, rather than those in soil. There was also a significant correlation between bioconcentration factor (BCF, plant over air) and octanol/air partitioning coefficient (
K
oa).
PAHs in various tissues of rice plants from various growth stages were investigated.
In this work, we perform first-principles calculations, coupled with synchrotron small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) to investigate electronic origins of the chemical short-range ordering (CSRO) and ...to reveal the relationship between CSROs and mechanical properties in a typical bcc (body-centered-cubic) TiZrHfNb high-entropy alloys (HEAs). It was found that existence of an appropriate degree of CSROs not only stabilizes the HEA lattice structure, but also enhances the hardness, elastic modulus, and ideal strength. Comprehensive electronic structure analyses uncover that the reduction of d electrons at the Fermi level due to the development of (Ti, Zr)-based CSROs stabilizes the bcc HEA, and the CSRO-induced strengthening is attributed to the local lattice distortion and the d-electron transfer from high-energy to low-energy states under applied strains. This finding not only gives insight into understanding the nature of CSRO strengthening in bcc HEAs, but also provides a paradigm for achieving desired mechanical properties via tailoring CSROs in HEAs.
The death of a family member affects not only individual family members but also their relationships and interactions. Grief has been studied mostly as an intrapersonal experience. Adopting the ...family perspective, this systematic scoping review focused on parent–child relationships in widowed families so as to identify what is already known on this topic and the research gaps for future study. The review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) guidelines. Four databases (Web of Science, Psycinfo, PubMed, and CINAHL Plus) were searched. Search terms were combinations of two concepts: (1) loss of a parent (20 terms) and (2) parent–child (eight terms). 5,419 studies were identified during the search, of which 36 studies were included in the review following two rounds of screening. Four research themes emerged, and the aggregated findings were identified: (a) The surviving parent and children are likely to become closer following the loss of a parent, while other relevant factors need to be taken into account; (b) Better parent–child relationships play a protective role in children’s adjustment to loss; (c) The surviving parent and children’s adjustment to loss are interdependent; (d) Through parenting, communication style, coping strategy, and other attributes, the surviving parent can influence their children’s adjustment. Gender and age differences were identified in parent–child relationships. The findings further justify the importance of a family perspective when conducting research and practice on bereavement. Several research gaps were identified. Existing studies paid insufficient attention to children’s agency and bidirectional relationships, and the interaction process and its role underlying parent–child bidirectional causality. A conceptual framework of parent–child relationships in widowed families is proposed based on these findings.
Resumen
La muerte de un miembro de la familia afecta no solo a los miembros individuales de la familia, sino también sus relaciones e interacciones. El duelo se ha estudiado habitualmente como experiencia intrapersonal. Adoptando la perspectiva familiar, esta revisión sistemática exploratoria se centró en las relaciones entre progenitor e hijos en familias donde había fallecido uno de los progenitores con el objetivo de identificar lo que ya se sabe sobre este tema y las deficiencias en las investigaciones para futuros estudios. La revisión sigue las pautas de la extensión para revisiones sistemáticas exploratorias de los Ítems de Referencia para Publicar Revisiones Sistemáticas Exploratorias y Metaanálisis (PRISMA‐ScR). Se realizaron búsquedas en cuatro bases de datos (Web of Science, Psycinfo, PubMed y CINAHL Plus). Los términos buscados fueron combinaciones de dos conceptos: (1) pérdida de un progenitor (20 términos) y (2) progenitor‐hijo (ocho términos). Se identificaron 5419 estudios durante la búsqueda, de los cuales 36 se incluyeron en la revisión después de dos rondas de selección. Surgieron cuatro temas de investigación y se indicaron los resultados colectivos: a. El progenitor superviviente y los hijos tienden a desarrollar un vínculo más estrecho después de la muerte del otro progenitor, si bien es necesario tener en cuenta otros factores relevantes; b. Una mejor relación entre progenitores e hijos desempeña un papel protector en la adaptación de los hijos a la pérdida; c. La adaptación a la pérdida del progenitor superviviente y de los hijos es independiente; d. Mediante la crianza, el estilo de comunicación, la estrategia de afrontamiento y otros atributos, el progenitor superviviente puede influir en la adaptación de sus hijos. Se identificaron las diferencias de género y de edad en las relaciones entre progenitores e hijos. Los resultados justifican además la importancia de una perspectiva familiar a la hora de llevar a cabo investigaciones y prácticas sobre la pérdida de un ser querido. Se detectaron varias deficiencias en las investigaciones. Los estudios existentes prestaron poca atención a la voluntad de los hijos y a las relaciones bidireccionales, así como al proceso de interacción y su papel detrás de la causalidad bidireccional entre progenitores e hijos. Sobre la base de estos resultados, se propone un marco conceptual de relaciones entre padres e hijos en familias donde falleció uno de los progenitores.
摘要
家庭成员的死亡不仅影响到单个的家庭成员，而且影响他们的关系和人际间的互动。悲伤主要是作为一种内在的体验来研究的。本研究采用家庭视角，以丧偶家庭的亲子关系为研究对象，进行系统的范围考察，以确定对该课题已有的认识以及未来研究的研究空白。本文献综述遵循系统研究和扩大范围审查元分析(PRISMA‐ScR)指南的首选报告项目。搜索了四个数据库(Web of Science, Psycinfo, PubMed和CINAHL Plus)。搜索词是两个概念的组合:(1)失去一位家长(20个词)和(2)亲子关系(8个词)。在检索过程中确定了5419项研究，其中36项研究在经过两轮筛选后被纳入综述。分析得出四个研究主题，并确定了综合结果:a.在失去父母一方后，尚存的父母与子女之间的关系可能会更加密切，不过还是要考虑其他相关因素; b.更好的亲子关系对孩子适应家人失去具有保护作用; c.在世父母和子女对失去亲人的适应是相互依赖的;d.幸存的父母可以通过养育方式、沟通方式、应对策略等属性影响子女的适应。性别和年龄差异在亲子关系中被确认。研究结果进一步证明了家庭视角在研究和实践丧亲之痛时的重要性。发现了几个研究空白。现有研究对儿童的主体性作用和双向关系以及亲子双向因果关系背后的互动过程及其作用关注仍不够。本文在此基础上提出了丧偶家庭亲子关系的概念框架。
A 29-d trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary methyl sulfonyl methane (MSM) supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, nutrient digestibility, excreta microbiota, excreta ...gas emission, and blood profiles in broilers. A total of 816 1-day-old male Ross 308 broilers (44 ± 0.44 g) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments, composed of 12 replicates with 17 birds per replicate. The 4 treatments were: 1) CON, basal diet; 2) S1, CON + 0.05% MSM; 3) S2, CON + 0.10% MSM; 4) S3, CON + 0.20% MSM. In the current study, body weight (BW) on d 14 and 29 showed significant improvement as dietary MSM increased from 0.05% to 0.20% (P < 0.05). During d 1 to 14 and overall, higher (P < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in broilers fed MSM diets. Between d 15 and 29, higher (P < 0.05) BWG was observed in broilers fed MSM diets. Redness (a*) was increased linearly (P < 0.05) in broilers fed MSM diets. On d 3, 5, and 7, drip loss was decreased linearly (P < 0.05) in broilers fed MSM diets. Lactobacillus and E. coli were effected linearly (P < 0.05) in broilers fed MSM diets. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), white blood cells (WBC) and lymphocytes were improved linearly (P < 0.05) in broilers fed MSM diets. In conclusion, dietary supplementation MSM has positive effects on growth performance, meat quality, excreta microbiota, and blood profiles in broilers.
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