It is fundamental for analytical psychology to understand images symbolically. However, Jung was aware of the non‐symbolic and direct appearance of image in synchronistic visions and dreams. ...Therefore, there are two aspects of the non‐symbolic: literal and synchronistic. Firstly, the pathology of the non‐symbolic was explored in psychosomatic syndromes, trauma, borderline syndromes and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Then the historical and cultural considerations show that dreams were shared and understood directly and non‐symbolically in Japanese medieval times. Historically, the symbolic aspect emerged through the loss of this directness and is characteristic for the modern, western, and adult consciousness. However, the increasing prevalence of ASD and ambiguity between reality and virtual reality show that the contemporary world is again dominated by directness and the non‐symbolic, which can be called ‘postmodern consciousness’.
Il est fondamental pour la psychologie analytique de comprendre symboliquement les images. Cependant, Jung était conscient de l'apparition directe et non‐symbolique de l'image dans les visions synchronistiques et les rêves. Ainsi, il y a deux aspects du non‐symbolique: le littéral et le synchronistique. En ce qui concerne le premier, la pathologie du non‐symbolique a été étudiée dans les syndromes psychosomatiques, le traumatisme, les syndromes borderline et les troubles du spectre autistique (TSA). Ensuite, les considérations historiques et culturelles montrent que les rêves furent compris et partagés directement et de manière non‐symbolique à l'époque médiévale au Japon. Historiquement, l'aspect symbolique a émergé à travers la perte de l'aspect direct, ou franc, ce qui est caractéristique de la conscience adulte, moderne et occidentale. Cependant la prévalence accrue de TSA et l'ambiguïté entre la réalité et la réalité virtuelle montrent que le monde contemporain est de nouveau dominé par l'aspect direct et le non‐symbolique, que nous pouvons appeler « conscience postmoderne ».
Für die Analytische Psychologie ist es grundlegend, Bilder symbolisch zu verstehen. Jung war sich jedoch dem nicht‐symbolischen und direkten Auftreten von Bildern in synchronistischen Visionen und Träumen bewußt. Daher gibt es zwei Aspekte des Nichtsymbolischen: wörtlich und synchronistisch. Zunächst wurde die Pathologie des Nichtsymbolischen bei psychosomatischen Syndromen, Traumata, Borderline‐Syndromen und Autismus‐Spektrum‐Störung (ASS) erforscht. Dann zeigen die historischen und kulturellen Betrachtungen, daß Träume im Mittelalter in Japan direkt und nicht‐symbolisch mitgeteilt und verstanden wurden. Historisch ist der symbolische Aspekt durch den Verlust der Direktheit entstanden und charakteristisch für das moderne, westliche und erwachsene Bewußtsein. Die zunehmende Prävalenz von ASS und die Mehrdeutigkeit zwischen Realität und virtueller Realität zeigen jedoch, daß die zeitgenössische Welt wieder von der Direktheit und Nichtsymbolik dominiert wird, die als 'postmodernes Bewußtsein' bezeichnet werden kann.
È fondamentale per la psicologia analitica comprendere le immagini simbolicamente. Tuttavia, Jung era consapevole dell'aspetto non simbolico e diretto dell'immagine nelle visioni e nei sogni sincronistici. Pertanto, ci sono due aspetti del non simbolico: letterale e sincronistico. In primo luogo, la patologia del non simbolico è stata esplorata nelle sindromi psicosomatiche, nel trauma, nelle sindromi borderline e nei disturbi dello spettro autistico. Successivamente le considerazioni storiche e culturali mostrano che i sogni erano condivisi e compresi in modo diretto e non‐simbolico in epoca medievale in Giappone. Storicamente, l'aspetto simbolico è emerso tramite la perdita dell'immediatezza ed è caratteristico della coscienza adulta moderna ed occidentale. Tuttavia, la crescente prevalenza del disturbo dello spettro acustico e l'ambiguità tra realtà e realtà virtuale mostrano che il mondo contemporaneo è nuovamente dominato dall'immediatezza e dal non‐simbolico, che può essere chiamato ‘coscienza postmoderna’.
Для аналитической психологии очень важно символическое понимание образов. Юнг, однако, знал о несимволической и непосредственной манифестации образов в синхронистических видениях и сновидениях. Таким образом, есть две стороны несимволического: буквальное и синхронистическое. Вначале патология несимволического исследовалась как психосоматические синдромы, травма, пограничные синдромы и расстройства аутистического спектра (ASD). Затем появились исторические и культурологические свидетельства, что в средневековой Японии сновидения рассматривались и трактовались буквально и несимволически. В исторической перспективе символический аспект возникает в силу утраты прямоты; это характерно для современного, западного и взрослого сознания. Однако растущее распространение аутизма и стирание границ между реальностью и виртуальной реальностью говорит о том, что в современном мире вновь преобладает прямое и несимволическое – это можно назвать «постмодернистским сознанием».
Es fundamental para la psicología analítica la comprensión simbólica de las imágenes. Sin embargo, Jung fue consciente del aspecto no simbólico y directo de la imagen en visiones y sueños sincronísticos. Por lo tanto, hay dos aspectos en lo no simbólico: literal y sincronístico. Inicialmente, la patología de lo no‐simbólico fue explorada en síndromes psicosomáticos, trauma, síndromes borderline y trastorno del espectro autista (ASD). Luego, consideraciones históricas y culturales muestran que los sueños fueron compartidos y comprendidos de manera directa y no‐simbólica en los tiempos medievales en Japón. Históricamente, el aspecto simbólico emergió a través de la pérdida de lo directo, y es característico de la consciencia moderna, occidental, adulta. Sin embargo, la prevalencia creciente de ASD y la ambigüedad entre la realidad y la realidad virtual muestran que el mundo contemporáneo es nuevamente dominado por lo no‐simbólico y lo directo, la cual podría llamarse ‘consciencia posmoderna’.
意象的象征与非象征层面:临床与文化的反思
象征性地理解意象是分析心理学的基础。然而, 荣格意识到在共时性的幻象和梦中, 意象的非象征性和直接表现。因此, 非象征性有两个方面:字面的和共时性的。首先, 文章在身心综合征、创伤、边缘性综合征和自闭谱系障碍 (ASD)中探索了非象征的病理学。然后, 在历史和文化层面的考虑表明, 在日本的中世纪时期, 梦是被直接和非象征性地共享和理解的。从历史上看, 意象的象征性呈现是由于其失去了直接性, 这正是现代、西方和成人意识的特征。然而, 随着ASD的日益盛行以及在现实和虚拟现实之间边界的日益模糊, 显示出当代世界再次被直接性和非象征性所主导, 这可称为“后现代意识”。
É fundamental que a psicologia analítica entenda as imagens simbolicamente. No entanto, Jung estava ciente da aparência não simbólica e direta da imagem em visões e sonhos sincrônicos. Portanto, há dois aspectos do não simbólico: literal e sincrônico. Primeiramente, a patologia do não simbólico foi explorada em síndromes psicossomáticas, trauma, síndromes limítrofes e transtorno do espectro do autismo (TEA). Em seguida, as considerações históricas e culturais mostram que os sonhos foram compartilhados e compreendidos direta e não simbolicamente nos tempos medievais no Japão. Historicamente, o aspecto simbólico surgiu através da perda da franqueza e não simbólica, o que pode ser chamado de "consciência pós‐moderna".
The demand for phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) has recently increased as an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). PFRs have been detected in house dust, but little is known about ...the concentrations of PFRs in private homes and the effects on human health. We measured the levels of 10 PFRs in indoor floor dust and upper surface dust from 128 Japanese dwellings of families with children in elementary school. The median (min–max) concentrations (μg/g) of PFRs were as follows: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), 30.88 (<0.61–936.65); tris(2-chloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), 0.74 (<0.56–392.52); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 0.87 (<0.80–23.35). These values exceeded 50% detection rates, and the rates are median over the LOD in floor dust. The concentrations (μg/g) of TBOEP 26.55 (<0.61–1933.24), TCIPP 2.23 (<0.56–621.23), TPHP 3.13 (<0.80–27.47), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) 1.17 (<0.65–92.22), and tributyl phosphate (TNBP) 0.74 (<0.36–60.64) exceeded 50% detection rates in the upper surface dust. A significant positive correlation (P<0.05) between the concentrations of TCIPP and TBOEP was shown in floor dust and upper surface dust (n=48). Estimated median and 95th percentile daily intake was calculated for toddlers and elementary school children and was compared with reference dose values (RfD) from the literature. For TBOEP, the estimated 95th percentile intake from floor dust was 14% of RfD for toddlers and 4% for school children. The estimated intake from upper surface dust was somewhat lower. Estimated median intake of TBOEP and median intake for the other PFRs were less than 1% of the RfD. TBOEP, TCIPP and TPHP were the main PFRs in the dust. The median levels of PFRs are well below the RfD values.
•We sampled dust from dwellings in which elementary school children were living.•A high level of TBOEP was detected in Japanese dwellings.•TBOEP concentration was related to several dwelling environments.•TBOEP levels of intake assessment are well below the RfD values.
The objective of the study is to establish exposure-excretion relationship between dichlorometane (DCM) in air (DCM-A) and in urine (DCM-U) in workplace to confirm a previous report. Male workers in ...a screen-printing plant participated in the study. Time-weighted average DCM-A was measured by diffusive sampling followed by gas-chromatography (GC), and DCM in end-of-shift urine samples was by head-space GC. The data were subjected to regression and other statistical analyses. In practice, 30 sets of DCM-A and DCM-U values were available. The geometric mean DCM-A was 8.4 ppm and that of DCM-U (as observed) was 41.1 µg/l. The correlation coefficients (0.70–0.85) were statistically significant across the correction for urine density. Thus, the analysis for un-metabolized DCM in end-of-shift urine samples is applicable for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to DCM, in support of and in agreement with the previous report. In conclusion, biological monitoring of occupational DCM exposure is possible by use of analysis for un-metabolized DCM in end-of-shift urine.
This study aimed to examine quantitative relation between ethylbenzene (EB) in air (EB-A) and un-metabolized EB in urine (EB-U) for biological monitoring of occupational EB exposure by urinalysis for ...EB. In total, 49 men in furniture production factories participated in the study. Time-weighted average EB-A was monitored by diffusive sampling. Urinalysis for EB was conducted by head-space gas-chromatography with end-of-shift samples. Data were subjected to regression analysis for statistical evaluation. A geometric mean (GM) and the maximum (Max) EB-A levels were 2.1 and 45.5 ppm, respectively. A GM and the Max for EB-U (observed values) were 4.6 and 38.7 µg/l. A significant linear correlation was observed. The regression equation was Y=3.1+0.73X where X is EB-A (ppm) and Y is EB-U (μg/l) (r=0.91, p<0.01). The significant correlation between EB-A and EB-U coupled with a small intercept suggests that biological monitoring of occupational EB exposure is possible by analysis for un-metabolized EB in end-of-shift urine samples. Further validation studies (including those on applicability to women) are envisaged. The feasibility should be examined for biological monitoring and the applicability of the equation among the workers exposed to EB at low levels.
This study aims to clarify how animal images contribute to psychological change in children. A meta-perspective examination of the psychotherapeutic process was conducted over three groups with ...different psychological symptoms. The results showed that the contribution of animal images towards relieving symptoms was different for each group. For the Selective mutism group, who experience psychological conflicts, animals with polysemous images played a symbolic role in breaking through the psychological stalemate. For the Tic disorder and Trichotillomania group, who experience problems regarding the body-mind relationship and aggression, animals with powerful and natural characteristics helped children express their physical power. The Autism spectrum disorder group preferred images of insects, fish, and reptiles, rather than mammals, which are closer to humans, indicating that they preferred images of animals and wildness in a more primitive form.
Objectives: To test the reliability of the procedures (described in a previous article) for estimation of biological occupational exposure limits (BOELs). Methods: Data on four organic solvents ...(styrene, ethyl benzene, isopropyl alcohol and tetrachloroethylene) were obtained from recent publications and added to previously cited data for 10 organic solvents. Regression analysis was used for statistical evaluation. Results and Discussion: The previously reported results obtained using 10 solvents were reproduced by the analysis with 14 solvents. Repeated randomized division of the 14 sets into two subgroups of equal size followed by statistical comparisons did not show a significant difference between two regression lines. This reproducibility suggests that the procedures used to estimate BOELs may be applicable across many solvents, and this may be of particular benefit for protecting the health of workers who work with skin-penetrating solvents.
Cultural differences in self-construal, human relationships, and values between Western and East Asian people have been suggested. The aim of this article is to investigate cultural difference in ...dreamers' self-construal based on their dreams. We examined the dreams sampled via online questionnaires from 300 non-clinical participants from America and Japan, respectively. The free response for the contents of "impressive dreams in childhood" "recent impressive dreams" was categorized into the five general dream structural patterns. Besides, the participants were asked to answer the scales to investigate participants' cultural self-construal. The current results revealed the prevalence of the independent view of self in American participants and the interdependent view of self in Japanese participants. In addition, we found significant cultural differences in the dream length and structural patterns. For American dreams, the dream-ego had a clear will and strong mobility, and there were obvious ends of dream events. Conversely, for Japanese dreams, the weak agency and vague conscious of the dream-ego were shown, and others could play a main role in one's dreams. These results suggested that each characteristic of the American and Japanese samples may be influenced by the differences in self-construal or in the process of self-formation between American and Japanese cultures.
Objectives
To simplify the procedures to estimate biological occupational exposure limits (BOELs) by use of the ratio of geometric mean (GM) concentration of un‐metabolized organic solvent in urine ...(U‐GM) over GM organic solvent concentration in air (A‐GM) (the U‐GM/A‐GM ratio).
Methods
Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) and BOELs were cited from publications from the Japan Society of Occupational Health (JSOH) and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Data on U‐GM/A‐GM and the SLOPE of exposure‐excretion regression line were collected from published articles (men and women were treated separately). Correlation analysis and paired t test were employed as the method to examine statistical significances.
Results
Significant linear correlation was established between the SLOPE and the U‐GM/A‐GM. Thus, it was considered to be possible to calculate the SLOPE value from the U‐GM/A‐GM. Previously established equation of BOEL = SLOPE × OEL allowed to estimate BOEL values in 22 cases of data sets. The comparison of the estimated BOELs with the existing BOELs (JSOH's BOELs and ACGIH's BEIs) in terms of the ratio of (estimated BOEL)/(existing BOEL) showed that the ratios for the 22 cases probably distributed log‐normally with a GM of 0.85, and the maximum was 5. Therefore, the estimated BOEL may be generally applicable in occupational health when BOEL remains yet to be established. In the worst case, the estimated BOEL may be five times greater than it should be. The recommended procedures for application of estimated BOEL values were described.
Conclusion
Simplified procedures for estimation of BOEL values are proposed.
Exposure to phthalates and phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) is considered to be a risk factor for asthma and allergies. However, little is known about the contribution of loss-of-function mutations ...in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG) gene, which are considered to be predisposing factors for eczema and asthma, to these associations. We investigated the associations between exposure to phthalates and PFRs in dust and eczema/wheeze among Japanese children, taking into consideration loss-of-function mutations in FLG.
This study was part of the Hokkaido study on Environment and Children's Health. Seven phthalates and 11 PFRs in household dust were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Eczema and wheeze were assessed in children aged 7 years using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. Eight FLG mutations previously identified in the Japanese population were extracted from cord blood samples. Children with one or more FLG mutations were considered to be positive for FLG mutations. The study included 296 children who had complete data (birth records, FLG mutations, first trimester and 7 years questionnaires, and phthalate/PFR levels). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidential intervals (CIs) of eczema and wheeze were calculated for log-transformed phthalate/PFR levels by logistic regression. We also performed stratified analyses based on FLG mutations.
The prevalence rates of eczema and wheeze were 20.6% and 13.9%, respectively. Among children without any FLG mutations, tris (1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) increased the OR of wheeze, (OR: 1.22, CI: 1.00–1.48). Significant p values for trends were found between tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and eczema and di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP) and eczema among children without any FLG mutations, respectively.
Despite our limited sample size and cross-sectional study design, the effects of indoor environmental factors on childhood eczema and wheeze were clearer in children without loss-of-function mutations in FLG than in children with mutations. Children with FLG mutations might already be cared for differently in terms of medication or parental lifestyle. Further studies in larger populations are warranted so that severity of symptoms and combinations of FLG mutations can be investigated.
•Positive dose-response relationships were found between DiNP and eczema among children without FLG mutation.•High levels of TDCiPP increased the OR of wheeze among children without FLG mutations.•High levels of TBOEP decreased the ORs of eczema among children.•Frequent use of the emollients may cause the contradictory findings of DiNP, TDCiPP, and TBOEP
A new species of grenadier,
Coelorinchus posteromaculatus
, is described from nine specimens collected from the tropical eastern Indian Ocean at depths of 100–323 m. This species belongs to the
...Coelorinchus argentatus
group (defined here to include 13 species), but differs from other members of that group in its unique body markings consisting of a single, prominent, lateral, dark blotch on the anterior part of the tail, and a slightly diagonal, narrow, dark stripe extending from the upper margin of the gill opening to below the first dorsal-fin midbase or beyond.
Coelorinchus posteromaculatus
is most similar to
C. gaesorhynchus
Iwamoto and Williams
1999
and
C. longissimus
Matsubara
1943
, but further differs from the former in its much shorter snout (74–91% of postrostral length vs. 93–100% in
C. gaesorhynchus
), and from the latter in its relatively small mouth (upper-jaw length 38–43% of postrostral length vs. 42–49%).
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