Managing multi-connectivity for IP services Kahn, Colin; Urie, Alistair
Bell Labs technical journal,
2011-March, 2011-03, 2011-03-00, 20110301, Volume:
15, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This paper introduces the concept and architecture for access network multi-connectivity (ANMC), an asset that can help to align service provider, application provider, and subscriber imperatives. ...ANMC can expose available access network and user device-specific information to applications, and thus allow wireless service providers to better manage their network, ensuring that the access option chosen for an application is matched to the needs of the application, given the constraints of the available access connections. Applications benefit from ANMC because with access network knowledge, they may improve the user experience by explicitly adapting their services according to access network constraints or intelligently stage the delivery of services to periods with favorable access connectivity. Since service delivery in the access network can be tailored individually to applications, new business relationships between access network providers and application providers are made possible with inter-system mobility and associated policy control exposed as an application enablement service. The mechanism ANMC uses to support this is intelligent presence, which builds upon techniques defined in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and IEEE 802.21 to support inter-system mobility. Intelligent presence extends the concept of presence from simple reachability, often via a transparent Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) protocol, to richer presence statement dependent on meeting application, service provider policy, network congestion, subscriber subscription, user activity and device state criteria for bearer access.
Former United States Chief of Army General Bruce Clarke wrote: ‘The paramount concern of the Army is the ground combat soldier. It will be a sorry day for us all in this supersonic, nuclear age ...should the ground combat soldier ever be deprived of his rightful place in the hearts and minds of the military forces and the people.’ This chapter focuses on those responsible for the tactical fighting of Australian-conducted operations in Korea: infantry rifle sections and platoons, for this was primarily an infantry soldier’s war.
Although I will concentrate on the activities of rifle platoons, the infantrymen who
One of the goals of 5G is to simplify the 4G core network and enable interworking across multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) without the addition of specialized network elements, protocols and ...interfaces that perform often redundant functions for each access technology. Achieving this reduces operator costs, and can improve the subscriber experience when devices can access multiple RATs. In this paper we propose the notion of Access Independent Core Network (AICN) where devices can connect to the core through any technology and consume a set of services. We show that it is possible to achieve access independence through a core network architecture that includes access independent functions, access independent bearer plane protocols, and access independent signaling between the network controller and the device and access switch. We outline benefits of the proposed architecture through examples involving WiFi integration.
Wireless service providers are continually looking for new features and products to improve quality of service, increase system capacity, and reduce administrative overhead. The simulation tool W ...provides a flexible platform for the exploration of a broad range of system-level design and performance issues in wireless networks. Investigation of network issues using W gives Lucent Technologies the ability to design new features and products more effectively by reducing development intervals and implementing a one-pass design on field-quality products. We describe the scope of the simulation platform and illustrate the specific use of the W tool for examination of a next-generation channel assignment algorithm currently under development. The algorithm's adaptive nature provides automatic configuration at system initialization, as well as adaptation to system expansion and traffic patterns with spatial or temporal variations, thus ensuring ease of operation for service providers. Initial simulation experiments confirm its self-organizing capability and suggest a significant improvement in quality of service in terms of call blocking and dropping.
We present a novel protocol for massive cellular Internet of Things (IoT) based on the connectionless access approach. Our solution has very low signaling overhead and is thus very efficient for ...sporadic short burst traffic applications. Numerical analysis of the capacity achieved by our solution indicates that millions of (IoT) devices can be served with a 10 MHz system bandwidth. Furthermore, our proposal shows capacity gains of up to 260% when compared against state-of-the-art solutions such as legacy LTE, eMTC and NB-IoT.
The traffic characteristics of Internet of Things and machine type devices differ significantly from that of smart phone applications. The connection oriented approach in Long Term Evolution (LTE) ...that involves establishing a bearer prior to data transmission is inefficient for small burst traffic because of the signaling involved. We propose a connectionless access method for efficient small burst transmission for future cellular networks. With the proposed protocol for connectionless access, over-the-air signaling can potentially be reduced substantially while meeting the security requirements of mobile networks.
Objectives
To ascertain the absolute number of Medicare beneficiaries surviving at least 3 years after severe sepsis and to estimate their burden of cognitive dysfunction and disability.
Design
...Retrospective cohort analysis of Medicare data.
Setting
All short‐stay inpatient hospitals in the United States, 1996 to 2008.
Participants
Individuals aged 65 and older.
Measurements
Severe sepsis was detected using a standard administrative definition. Case‐fatality, prevalence, and incidence rates were calculated.
Results
Six hundred thirty‐seven thousand eight hundred sixty‐seven Medicare beneficiaries were alive at the end of 2008 who had survived severe sepsis 3 or more years earlier. An estimated 476,862 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 455,026–498,698) had functional disability, with 106,311 (95% CI = 79,692–133,930) survivors having moderate to severe cognitive impairment. The annual number of new 3‐year survivors after severe sepsis rose 119% during 1998 to 2008. The increase in survivorship resulted from more new diagnoses of severe sepsis rather than a change in case‐fatality rates; severe sepsis rates rose from 13.0 per 1,000 Medicare beneficiary‐years to 25.8 (P < .001), whereas 3‐year case fatality rates changed much less, from 73.5% to 71.3% (P < .001) for the same cohort. Increasing rates of organ dysfunction in hospitalized individuals drove the increase in severe sepsis incidence, with an additional small contribution from population aging.
Conclusions
Sepsis survivorship, which has substantial long‐term morbidity, is a common and rapidly growing public health problem for older Americans. There has been little change in long‐term case‐fatality, despite changes in practice. Clinicians should anticipate more‐frequent sequelae of severe sepsis in their patient populations.
Cortical and subcortical circuitry are thought to play distinct roles in the generation of sleep oscillations and global state control, respectively. Here we silenced a subset of neocortical layer 5 ...pyramidal and archicortical dentate gyrus granule cells in male mice by ablating SNAP25. This markedly increased wakefulness and reduced rebound of electroencephalographic slow-wave activity after sleep deprivation, suggesting a role for the cortex in both vigilance state control and sleep homeostasis.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF STRAIN KAHN, WILLIAM A.; BARTON, MICHELLE A.; FISHER, COLIN M. ...
The Academy of Management review,
07/2018, Volume:
43, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Organizational resilience is an organization’s ability to absorb strain and preserve or improve functioning, despite the presence of adversity. In existing scholarship there is the implicit ...assumption that organizations experience and respond holistically to acute forms of adversity. We challenge this assumption by theorizing about how adversity can create differential strain, affecting parts of an organization rather than the whole. We argue that relations among those parts fundamentally shape organizational resilience. We develop a theoretical model that maps how the differentiated emergence of strain in focal parts of an organization triggers the movements of adjoining parts to provide or withhold resources necessary for the focal parts to adapt effectively. Drawing on core principles of theories about intergroup relations, we theorize about three specific pathways—integration, disavowal, and reclamation—by which responses of adjoining parts to focal part strain shape organizational resilience. We further theorize about influences on whether and when adjoining parts are likely to select different pathways. The resulting theory reveals how the social processes among parts of organizations influence member responses to adversity and, ultimately, organizational resilience. We conclude by noting the implications for organizational resilience theory, research, and practice.
Annual global satellite-based estimates of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are widely relied upon for air-quality assessment. Here, we develop and apply a methodology for monthly estimates and ...uncertainties during the period 1998–2019, which combines satellite retrievals of aerosol optical depth, chemical transport modeling, and ground-based measurements to allow for the characterization of seasonal and episodic exposure, as well as aid air-quality management. Many densely populated regions have their highest PM2.5 concentrations in winter, exceeding summertime concentrations by factors of 1.5–3.0 over Eastern Europe, Western Europe, South Asia, and East Asia. In South Asia, in January, regional population-weighted monthly mean PM2.5 concentrations exceed 90 μg/m3, with local concentrations of approximately 200 μg/m3 for parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. In East Asia, monthly mean PM2.5 concentrations have decreased over the period 2010–2019 by 1.6–2.6 μg/m3/year, with decreases beginning 2–3 years earlier in summer than in winter. We find evidence that global-monitored locations tend to be in cleaner regions than global mean PM2.5 exposure, with large measurement gaps in the Global South. Uncertainty estimates exhibit regional consistency with observed differences between ground-based and satellite-derived PM2.5. The evaluation of uncertainty for agglomerated values indicates that hybrid PM2.5 estimates provide precise regional-scale representation, with residual uncertainty inversely proportional to the sample size.
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