Detection of Candida Species in Periodontal Pockets Iino, Masako; Ogawa, Tomohisa; Tamazawa, Osamu ...
Nihon Shishubyo Gakkai Kaishi (Journal of the Japanese Society of Periodontology),
2003, Volume:
45, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Periodontal diseases are caused by changes in the balance among oral microorganisms, the host's immune system and environmental factors. Specific microorganisms are implicated in the destruction of ...periodontal tissue in patients with periodontitis. Candida species (Candida spp.) have been detected in various sites, including the oral cavity, oral mucosa, intestine, and pharynx of periodontitis patients, and the frequency of detection of Candida spp. in periodontal pockets has been reported to be 2-2. 5%. However, no correlation between Candida spp. in periodontal pockets and their pathology causing periodontal diseases has ever been clearly demonstrated. The aim of the present study to determine whether Candida spp. are present in the periodontal pockets of patients with chronic periodontitis by means of PCR coupled with microbial culture and to clarify the relationship between Candida spp. and periodontal diseases. We investigated the ginigival sulcus of 100 patients with adult periodontitis (chronic periodontitis) for the presence of Candida spp. The patients were divided into two groups: in 40 patients the tooth surface was polished with Prophy-point to remove supragingival plaque before sample collection (tooth-surface-polished group), while in the remaining 60 subjects the tooth surface was cleaned with sterilized cotton swabs (non-polished group). Candida spp. were detected in 68% of the oral mucosal samples, and in 4% of the periodontal pocket samples. Polishing the tooth surface before specimen collection significantly lowered the frequency of detection of Candida spp. Whenever Candida spp. were detected in a periodontal pocket sample, a second sample was obtained from the same patient, however, Candida spp. were never detected in the second specimen. The results suggest that Candida spp. are not present in the periodontal pocket of patients with adult periodontitis. J Jpn Soc Periodontol 45: 252-259, 2003.
In epidemiology and clinical research, the reproducibility of clinical parameters is most important. In this study, we examined the inter-and intra-examiner reliability of each of the following ...clinical parame -ters: plaque index (PH), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), attachment level (AL), and bleeding on probing (BOP). PD, AL, and BOP measurements were carried out with an electronic probe, The Florida Probe®. The measurements were performed on 17 subjects (5 patients and 12 healthy subjects). Clinical parameters were measured twice in each subject at intervals of 1-2 hours. For inter-examiner reliability, the first measurement was performed by one examiner and the second measurement by another examiner. For intra-examiner reliability, each measurement was performed on all subjects by one examiner. Interexaminer reliability of clinical parameters were 0.52 (PH), 0.52 (GI), 0.59 (BOP) (P1I, GI, BOP: Kraemer's Kappa), 0.73 (PD), 0.56 (AL) (PD, AL: correlation coefficient). Intra-examiner reliability of clinical parameters were 0.71 (PH), 0.66 (GI), 0.52 (BOP) (PH, GI, BOP: Kraemer's Kappa), 0.97 (PD), 0.94 (AL) (PD, AL: correlation coefficient). The results indicate that clinical parameters (PH, GI, PD, AL, BOP) can demonstrate good inter-and intra-examiner reliability. J. Jpn. Soc. Periodontol., 41: 144-152, 1999.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a newly developed toothbrush on gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation following periodontal surgery. Forty subjects with adult ...periodontitis participated in this study, and each subject had two sites receiving similar surgical treatment. Twenty-eight of the forty subjects were dressed after surgery (group A) while the others were not (group B). In both Case groups, the two treated sites in each patient were randomly assigned either as a test site or as a control site. For daily care of the test sites, patients were instructed to brush with a newly developed toothbrush and to use an antimicrobial rinse containing 0.004% benzethonium chloride for 15 days beginning the day of dressing removal in group A, and beginning the day after surgery (baseline) in group B. For care of control sites, patients were instructed to use only the antimicrobial rinse for during the same period. The clinical parameters for assessing plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation (GI) were observed at baseline, and the reafter at day 7 and day 15. Soft tissue trauma caused by toothbrush usage were also checked at day 7 and day 15. In group A, mean redness and swelling scores for test sites were lower than those for control sites, and these differences were significant statistically at day 15 (redness: p<0.01, swelling: p<0.05). Similar findings were also observed in group B, and moreover, GI scores markedly were improved in test sites as compared to control sites at both day 7 and day 15 (p<0.05). On the other hand, mean Plaque Control Recond (PCR) scores for test sites significantly decreased during the study, whereas control sites did not show a noticeable change in the parameter, thus the differences between both sites were significant (group A: p<0.01 at days 7 and 15, group B: p<0.01 at day 15). In addition, soft tissue trauma caused by this newly developed toothbrush was not observed during the experimental period. In the present clinical trial, it was confirmed that in the early stage of postsurgical healing, plaque control using this toothbrush as an adjunct to ordinary antimicrobial rinse was significantly more effective in the improvement of clinical inflammation and plaque reduction as compared to using the antimicrobial rinse only.
The present study was undertaken to assess the cleansing effects of a new type of electric tooth-brush (a counter-rotating, compact type). Three toothbrushes were tested: (1) Interplak, a ...conventional counter-rotating, 2-row, 10-line elec-tric toothbrush, (2) new Interplak, counter-rotating, 2-row, 6-line electric toothbrush, and (3) GUM # 211, a manual toothbrush. Two models of gingival recession were used: (1) the 1.5mm recession model, and (2) the 3.0mm recession model. A normal gingival margin model was also used. When the electric toothbrush was used, each tooth surface was brushed for 15 seconds, with the brush maintained at a right angle to the tooth surface. When the manual toothbrush was used, each surface was brushed for 15 strokes using the scrubbing method. Brushing pressures were measured using a pressure measuring device. This measurement was repeated 5 times for each model using a con-stant 250g pressure. To calculate the artificial plaque removal rate, a standard photographic appa-ratus, taken from the buccal, lingual, mesial and distal sides, were fed into a computer via a scanner, and the area occupied by residual plaque was measured on NIH images. The data were analyzed statistically using two-way ANOVA. The plaque removal rate for the normal gingival margin model and the 1.5mm recession model was high, in the order of conventional electric tooth-brush>new electric toothbrush>manual tooth-brush. The plaque removal rate for the 3.0mm recession model was high, in the order of conven-tional electric toothbrush>manual toothbrush> new electric toothbrush. The plaque removal rate for the proximal surfaces of molars in the recession models was higher with the new electric toothbrush than with either of the other two toothbrush.
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