Unrealistic optimism is considered as an optimism bias based on the individual's motives of self-exaggeration and protection and is defined as evaluating oneself more positively than others. An ...important example of nurturing one's own self through the concept of unrealistic optimism is the parent-child relationship. The parent's having unrealistically positive perceptions about his/her child is reported to play an important role in the parenting experience, nourishing the parent's own self and changing the interaction with the child. An individual's placing parenting at the center of their life is not only limited to seeing themselves as better than they are, but can also affect their evaluations of their child. Unrealistic parental optimism can lead to disappointment, inappropriate persistence and unpreparedness for personal threats. The expectations created by the evolutionarily adaptive ability to look on the bright side of events and the disappointments that may be experienced in line with these expectations are significant for psychological science to be examined in an important context such as child rearing. This review focuses on the motives of parents to exhibit unrealistic parental optimism, what kind of behaviors they exhibit in this context and the outcomes of these behaviors on children.
Unrealistic optimism is considered as an optimism bias based on the individual's motives of self-exaggeration and protection and is defined as evaluating oneself more positively than others. An ...important example of nurturing one's own self through the concept of unrealistic optimism is the parent-child relationship. The parent's having unrealistically positive perceptions about his/her child is reported to play an important role in the parenting experience, nourishing the parent's own self and changing the interaction with the child. An individual's placing parenting at the center of their life is not only limited to seeing themselves as better than they are, but can also affect their evaluations of their child. Unrealistic parental optimism can lead to disappointment, inappropriate persistence and unpreparedness for personal threats. The expectations created by the evolutionarily adaptive ability to look on the bright side of events and the disappointments that may be experienced in line with these expectations are significant for psychological science to be examined in an important context such as child rearing. This review focuses on the motives of parents to exhibit unrealistic parental optimism, what kind of behaviors they exhibit in this context and the outcomes of these behaviors on children. Keywords: Unrealistic optimism, optimistic bias, self-deception Gercekci olmayan iyimserlik, bireyin kendini abartma, koruma gudulerine dayanan bir iyimserlik yanliligi olarak ele alinmakta ve kendini digerlerinden daha olumlu degerlendirmesi olarak tanimlanmaktadir. Gercekci olmayan iyimserlik kavrami araciligiyla bireyin kendi benligini beslemesinin onemli bir ornegi ebeveyn cocuk iliskisi olarak gosterilmektedir. Ebeveynin cocugu ile ilgili gercekci olmayan olumlu algilara sahip olmasinin ebeveynlik deneyiminde onemli bir rol oynadigi, ebeveynin kendi benligini besledigi ve cocukla etkilesimini degistirebildigi bildirilmektedir. Bireyin ebeveynligini hayatinin merkezine almasi yalnizca kendisini oldugundan iyi gormesiyle sinirli kalmayip cocugu hakkindaki degerlendirmelerini de etkileyebilmektedir. Gercekci olmayan ebeveyn iyimserliginin hayal kirikligina, uygun olmayan israrciliga ve kisisel tehditlere hazirliksiz olmaya yol actigi bildirilmektedir. Evrimsel olarak adaptif olan olaylara iyi yonunden bakabilme yetisinin kiside olusturdugu beklentiler ve bu beklentiler dogrultusunda da yasayabilecegi hayal kirikliklarinin cocuk yetistirme gibi onemli bir baglamda da incelenmesi psikoloji bilimi icin onemli bulunmaktadir. Bu derleme calismasinda, anne babalarin gercekci olmayan ebeveyn iyimserligi sergileme nedenleri, bu baglamda ne tur davranislar gosterdikleri ve bu davranislarinin cocuklar uzerindeki ciktilari ele alinmistir. Anahtar sozcukler: Gercekci olmayan iyimserlik, iyimser onyargi, kendini kandirma
Praise is stated as a good performance resource that can increase the individual's sense of competence and motivate their new learning. When the literature is examined, the importance of ...communication with the child in parenting is emphasized, especially the power of the words used by the parents. Parental praise is expressed as parents' repetition of the desired behaviors in children and giving feedback that will make them feel warm and sensitive with their words and behaviors in order to indicate the satisfaction felt towards them. Studies emphasize that parental praise is an important method in child development and a method that parents use very often. It is reported that many parents prefer to use praise as a tool to build self-confidence in their child. In terms of positive discipline, it is assumed that praise creates a reward value as a result of operant conditioning and can affect behavioral acquisition in the child's development. The type of parental praise plays an important role in how children form their self-image. It is in these early relationships that children first begin to feel capable, competent, and loved. Although praise is expressed as a source of motivation when it cannot be used beneficially, it can become harmful to the child when used incorrectly or excessively. At this point, the content of the praise is important. In this study, the concept of parental praise is discussed, the content of praise, which is seen as a reference to motivation, is examined and its benefits for child development are tried to be explained.
Praise is stated as a good performance resource that can increase the individual's sense of competence and motivate their new learning. When the literature is examined, the importance of ...communication with the child in parenting is emphasized, especially the power of the words used by the parents. Parental praise is expressed as parents' repetition of the desired behaviors in children and giving feedback that will make them feel warm and sensitive with their words and behaviors in order to indicate the satisfaction felt towards them. Studies emphasize that parental praise is an important method in child development and a method that parents use very often. It is reported that many parents prefer to use praise as a tool to build self-confidence in their child. In terms of positive discipline, it is assumed that praise creates a reward value as a result of operant conditioning and can affect behavioral acquisition in the child's development. The type of parental praise plays an important role in how children form their self-image. It is in these early relationships that children first begin to feel capable, competent, and loved. Although praise is expressed as a source of motivation when it cannot be used beneficially, it can become harmful to the child when used incorrectly or excessively. At this point, the content of the praise is important. In this study, the concept of parental praise is discussed, the content of praise, which is seen as a reference to motivation, is examined and its benefits for child development are tried to be explained. Keywords: Parenting, parental praise, child rearing Ovgu, bireyin yeterlilik duygusunu artirabilen ve yeni ogrenmelerini motive edebilen iyi bir performans kaynagi olarak belirtilmektedir. Alan yazin incelendiginde ebeveynlikte cocukla kurulan iletisimin onemi vurgulanmakta, ozellikle de anne-babalarin kullandiklari kelimelerin gucune dikkat cekilmektedir. Ebeveyn ovgusu, anne-babalarin cocuklarda istenen davranislarin tekrari ve ona karsi duyulan memnuniyeti belirtmek icin soz ve davranislariyla sicakligini ve duyarliligini hissettirecek geri bildirimler vermesi olarak ifade edilmektedir. Arastirmalar, ebeveyn ovgusunun cocuk gelisiminde onemli ve ebeveynlerin cok sik kullandigi bir yontem oldugunu vurgulamaktadir. Bircok ebeveynin, ovguyu cocukta ozguven olusturmak icin bunu bir arac olarak kullanmayi tercih ettigi bildirilmektedir. Pozitif disiplin acisindan ovgunun edimsel kosullanma sonucu bir odul degeri yaratip cocugun gelisiminde davranis kazanimini etkileyebildigi varsayilmaktadir. Ebeveyn ovgusunun turu cocuklarin oz-imgelerini nasil olusturduklari konusunda onemli bir rol oynamaktadir. Cocuklar kendilerini yetenekli, yetkin ve sevilen biri olarak hissetmeye ilk kez bu erken iliskiler icinde baslarlar. Ovgu, faydali kullanilamadiginda motivasyon kaynagi olarak ifade edilse de yanlis kullanildiginda ya da asiriya kactiginda cocuga zarar verici bir boyuta gecebilmektedir. Bu noktada, ovgunun icerigi onem tasimaktadir. Bu calismada, ebeveyn ovgusu kavrami ele alinmis, motivasyona atif olarak gorulen ovgunun icerigi incelenmis ve cocuk gelisime faydalari aciklanmaya calisilmistir. Anahtar sozcukler: Cocuk yetistirme, ebeveyn ovgusu, ebeveynlik
In this study, it was examined whether the pandemic process triggered the emergence of behavioral / emotional symptoms that were not observed in children before and the relationship between the ...levels of stress and hopelessness perceived by mothers and the emergence of these symptoms as well as their children's emotional functions. In addition, the social support received by mothers, the prolongation of the quarantine process, the effects of socio-economic conditions on these variables were examined. In the study conducted with 744 mothers during the pandemic period, Perceived Stress Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale and Parent-Child Containing Function Scale: Not-Contained Relationship Subscale was applied. The findings indicate that the pandemic process significantly affects the mental processes of children and adolescents and that 58%of them have emotional and behavioral symptoms that were not observed before or increased. While 35.3%of the mothers who reported the emergence of symptoms mentioned the symptoms related to fear and loneliness, 25%stated that their children had sleep problems, 23%observed anger and irritability reactions in their children and 17%reported somatic symptoms. According to the results of the research, it is seen that there is a significant and positive correlation between not-contained mother/child relationship and the occurrence of symptoms in children. In connection with these findings, the hopelessness level and perceived stress of mothers with low containing function are also high, and are also associated with the occurrence of symptoms in children. It is observed that the most important factor affecting the mental processes of the mothers is "social support".
In this study, it was examined whether the pandemic process triggered the emergence of behavioral / emotional symptoms that were not observed in children before and the relationship between the ...levels of stress and hopelessness perceived by mothers and the emergence of these symptoms as well as their children's emotional functions. In addition, the social support received by mothers, the prolongation of the quarantine process, the effects of socio-economic conditions on these variables were examined. In the study conducted with 744 mothers during the pandemic period, Perceived Stress Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale and Parent-Child Containing Function Scale: Not-Contained Relationship Subscale was applied. The findings indicate that the pandemic process significantly affects the mental processes of children and adolescents and that 58%of them have emotional and behavioral symptoms that were not observed before or increased. While 35.3%of the mothers who reported the emergence of symptoms mentioned the symptoms related to fear and loneliness, 25%stated that their children had sleep problems, 23%observed anger and irritability reactions in their children and 17%reported somatic symptoms. According to the results of the research, it is seen that there is a significant and positive correlation between not-contained mother/child relationship and the occurrence of symptoms in children. In connection with these findings, the hopelessness level and perceived stress of mothers with low containing function are also high, and are also associated with the occurrence of symptoms in children. It is observed that the most important factor affecting the mental processes of the mothers is "social support". Keywords: Covid 19, coronavirus, pandemic, child, symptom Bu arastirmada pandemi sürecinin çocuklarda daha önceden gözlemlenmeyen davranissal/duygusal belirtilerin ortaya çikisini tetikleyip tetiklemedigi incelenmis, annelerin algiladiklari stres ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri ile çocuklarinin duygularini kapsayici islevlerinin bu belirtilerin ortaya çikisi ile iliskisi degerlendirilmistir. Bunun yani sira, annelerin aldigi sosyal destek, karantina sürecinin uzamasi, sosyo-ekonomik kosullarin bu degiskenlere etkileri incelenmis, çocuklarin uzaktan egitime uyum niteliginin, annelerin duygu durumu ve kapsayicilik islevleri ile iliskisi incelenmistir. Pandemi döneminde 744 anneyle yürütülen çalismada, Algilanan Stres Ölçegi, Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçegi ve Ebeveyn Çocuk Kapsayici Islev Ölçegi: Kapsanamayan Iliski Alt Boyutu uygulanmistir. Bulgular, pandemi sürecinin çocuk ve ergenlerin ruhsal süreçlerini önemli ölçüde olumsuz etkiledigine ve çocuklarin 58%'inde daha önceden gözlemlenmeyen veya artis gösteren duygusal ve davranissal belirtiler ortaya çiktigina isaret etmektedir. Belirti ortaya çikisini bildiren annelerin %35,3'i korku ve yalnizlik endisesi ile ilgili belirtilere deginirken, %25'i çocuklarinin uyku sorunlari yasadiklarini, %23'ü çocuklarinda öfke ve hirçinlik tepkileri gözlemlediklerini ve %17'si bedensel tepkilerle karsilastiklarini belirtmislerdir. Arastirma sonuçlarina göre, kapsanamayan iliski ile çocuklarda belirti ortaya çikisi arasinda anlamli ve pozitif yönde bir korelasyon oldugu görülmekedir. Kapsayici islevi düsük annelerin umutsuzluk düzeyi ve algiladiklari stres de yüksek olup, yine çocuklarda belirti ortaya çikisiyla iliskilidir. Arastirmaya katilan annelerin ruhsal süreçlerini etkileyen en önemli etkenin "sosyal destek" oldugu görülmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler: Covid-19, koronavirüs, pandemi, çocuk, belirti
According to the results of the research, it is seen that there is a significant and positive correlation between not-contained mother/child relationship and the occurrence of symptoms in children. ...According to this research, children's symptomatic levels of anxiety also increased after COVID-19 (Duan et al. 2020). In general, studies have emphasized that isolating at home and changes in lifestyle negatively impact children's mental health when teachers, peers, and family members in particular, do not provide enough emotional support to the children (Sprang and Silman, 2013). According to the same study, it was reported that children of parents with moderate or severe anxiety had higher levels of anxiety compared to those of parents with mild anxiety.
In this study, it was examined whether the pandemic process triggered the emergence of behavioral / emotional symptoms that were not observed in children before and the relationship between the ...levels of stress and hopelessness perceived by mothers and the emergence of these symptoms as well as their children's emotional functions. In addition, the social support received by mothers, the prolongation of the quarantine process, the effects of socio-economic conditions on these variables were examined. In the study conducted with 744 mothers during the pandemic period, Perceived Stress Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale and Parent-Child Containing Function Scale: Not-Contained Relationship Subscale was applied. The findings indicate that the pandemic process significantly affects the mental processes of children and adolescents and that 58% of them have emotional and behavioral symptoms that were not observed before or increased. While 35.3% of the mothers who reported the emergence of symptoms mentioned the symptoms related to fear and loneliness, 25% stated that their children had sleep problems, 23% observed anger and irritability reactions in their children and 17% reported somatic symptoms. According to the results of the research, it is seen that there is a significant and positive correlation between not-contained mother/child relationship and occurrence of symptoms in children. In connection with these findings, the hopelessness level and perceived stress of mothers with low containing function are also high, and are also associated with the occurrence of symptoms in children. It is observed that the most important factor affecting the mental processes of the mothers is social support.
Araştırma kapsamında COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde annelerin ebeveynlik stresleri, aile dayanıklılıkları ve çocukyetiştirme tutumları arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini ...normal gelişim gösteren 3-6 yaş arasıçocuğu olan yaş aralığı 22-48 (Ort= 35,36) arasında değişen 303 anne oluşturmaktadır. Bu amaçla Demografik BilgiFormu, Aile Yılmazlık Ölçeği, Ebeveynlik Stres Ölçeği, Ebeveyn Tutum Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Değişkenler arasındakiilişkileri saptamak amacıyla Pearson Korelasyon Katsayısı; ebeveynlik stresi ve aile dayanıklılığı değişkenlerinin,annenin demokratik ebeveyn tutumunu yordayıcı gücünü araştırmak amacıyla hiyerarşik regresyon analizikullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre, annelerin ebeveynlik stresleri ile aile dayanıklılıkları arasındanegatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki vardır. Annelerin algıladıkları aile dayanıklılıkları ile demokratik ebeveynlik tutumlarıarasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Annelerin ebeveynlik stresleri ile demokratik ebeveynliktutumları arasında negatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki vardır. Ebeveynlik stresi ve aile dayanıklılığı değişkenleri,demokratik ebeveynlik tutumu üzerinde yordayıcı olarak bulunmuştur. Bu doğrultuda annelerin ebeveynlikstreslerinin, demokratik tutumları üzerindeki olumsuz etkisininin aile dayanıklılığı ile kısmen azaldığı saptanmıştır.Araştırmanın bulguları ilgili literatür ile değerlendirilmiş, sınırlılıklar, güçlü yönler ve gelecek araştırmalar içinöneriler sunulmuştur.
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parenting stress, family resilience and child rearing practicesof mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study sample consisted of 303 mothers who were parents of normallydeveloping children aged from 3 to 6 years. Demographic Information Form, The List of Determining Risk Factors,Parenting Stress Scale, Family Resilience Scale and Parents Attitude Scale were used to collect data. PearsonCorrelational Analysis and one way ANOVA were conducted with the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS).Then a series of hierarchical regression analyses were performed to investigate the predictive power of parenting stressand family resilience on authoritative parenting style. It was concluded that there was a significant negativerelationship between mother’s parenting stress and family resilience levels. Also, a significant positive relationshipbetween mother’s family resilience levels and authoritative parenting has been obtained. In addition, as a result of theanalysis a negative significant relationship between mother’s parenting stress and authoritative parenting has beenfound. Moreover, parenting stress and family resilience were found as significant predictors of authoritative parentingstyle. It can be concluded that the negative effect of parenting stress on authoritative parenting, partially decreasedwith the effect of family resilience. The findings of the research were discussed in the light of the literature, limitations,strengths of the research and suggestions for future studies were presented.
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