To achieve the advanced anticancer activity of nanocomposites fabricated with graphene oxide (GO), a novel procedure was used during the fabrication of chitosan (CS) or ethylene diamine tetra acetic ...acid (EDTA). The synthesized GO-based nanocomposites were distinguished through different analytical techniques. The cytotoxic activity was examined using MTT assays against three different cancer cell lines. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were studied by flow cytometry. Caspase-8, caspase-9, and VEGFR-2 levels were determined using the ELISA technique. HRTEM results revealed a regular 2D thin sheet with a transparent surface in non-modified GO and for GO-CS, the surface of GO has clear cuts and lines had developed due to CS insertion. Concerning the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, the lowest IC
50
values were recorded, suggesting the most powerful cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cells. Treatment with GO-EDTA resulted in the lowest IC
50
value of 3.8 ± 0.18 μg mL
−1
. As indicated by the annexin V-FITC apoptosis assay, the total apoptosis highest percentage was in GO-EDTA treatment (30.12%). In addition, the study of cell cycle analysis showed that GO-EDTA arrested the cell cycle primarily in the G0/G1 phase (33.74%). CS- and EDTA-conjugated GO showed an anti-cancer activity through their cytotoxic effect against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.
To achieve the advanced anticancer activity of nanocomposites fabricated with graphene oxide (GO), a novel procedure was used during the fabrication of chitosan (CS) or ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA).
A new strategy regarding the fabrication of chitosan (CS) or ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on graphene oxide (GO) was performed. The nematocidal potential against Meloidogyne incognita ...causing root-knot infection in eggplant was tested. The plant immune response was investigated through measuring the photosynthetic pigments, phenols and proline contents, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes activity. Results indicating that, the treatment by pure GO recorded the most mortality percentages of M. incognita 2nd juveniles followed by GO-CS then GO-EDTA. In vivo greenhouse experiments reveals that, the most potent treatment in reducing nematodes was GO-CS which recorded 85.42%, 75.3%, 55.5%, 87.81%, and 81.32% in numbers of 2nd juveniles, galls, females, egg masses and the developmental stage, respectively. The highest chlorophyll a (104%), chlorophyll b (46%), total phenols (137.5%), and free proline (145.2%) were recorded in GO-CS. The highest malondialdehyde (MDA) value was achieved by GO-EDTA (7.22%), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content by 47.51% after the treatment with pure GO. Treatment with GO-CS increased the activities of catalase (CAT) by 98.3%, peroxidase (POD) by 97.52%, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) by 113.8%, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 42.43%. The synthesized nanocomposites increases not only the nematocidal activity but also the plant systematic immune response.
To obtain the synergistic antimicrobial potential of nano-composites conjugated with graphene oxide (GO), an alternative approach was developed throughout the hybridization of chitosan (CS) or ...ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) with GO. The synthesized GO-nanocomposites were identified by XRD, HRTEM, SEM, FTIR, Zeta potential, and Raman spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of GO, GO-CS, and GO-EDTA was investigated against some pathogenic bacteria and Candida sp. Results showed that nano-composites looked flattened and clear, with some lines and folds on the exterior part. SEM images show the basic morphology of GO which owns remarkable holes, crevasses, and indeclinable internal structure. GO-EDTA and GO-CS possess a promising antimicrobial activity against all pathogenic microbes. In-vitro ZOI result verified that they exhibited activity against Escherichia coli (22.0 mm for GO-EDTA and 11.0 mm for GO-CS), Staphylococcus aureus (15.0 mm for GO-EDTA and 10.0 mm for GO-CS) and Candida albicans (22.0 mm for GO-EDTA and 16.0 mm for GO-CS). Microbial cells may be ultimately-damaged when they interact with GO-based nanocomposites due to different mechanisms such as oxidative and membrane stress and wrapping isolation. This work provides revolutionary GO-nanocomposites for increasing the antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic microbes with a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach.
Abstract
One of the most immensely adsorbents for removing radioactive waste from water is graphene oxide nanosheet (GO). It has a large specific surface area and a variety functional groups, ...including epoxide, carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl. This work has prepared GO and functionalized with TOPO (Tri-octyl phosphine oxide). Raman spectroscopy, XRD, High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy utilized the unfunctionalized and functionalized GO samples. The results indicate that the produced GO-TOPO adsorbents are very effective Co (II) adsorbents in the acidic medium. The maximum adsorption of Co (II) adsorbed on GO-TOPO was approximately 134 mg/g. The ideal conditions for eliminating Co (II) from water are pH of 6 and temperature 40 °C. Langmuir and Freundlich equations have been used to describe the isothermal data. According to R square, the Langmuir model was better than the Freundlich model.
Graphene oxide is a unique material that can be used for adsorption of radioactive waste because it contains various function groups such as epoxide, carbonyl, carboxyl and hydroxyl in addition to ...its high specific surface area. The as-prepared GO and the modified one (GO-chitosan composite) have been prepared then characterized and used as adsorbent for radioactive metal ions Strontium, Sr(II). The results showed that the prepared materials are efficient adsorbents for removal of Sr(II) from water. The effect of contact time, pH and temperature on adsorption have been studied. The results indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity was about 140 and 179.6 mg/g for GO and GO-chitosan composite respectively. It was found that pH ~ 6 and temperature ~ 40 °C are the best condition for removal of Sr(II) from water. Two isotherm models (Langmuir and Freundlich) and three kinetic models (Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle particle diffusion model) have been applied. Based on the calculated isotherm parameters (R
2
), it can be concluded that Langmuir model fits the adsorption equilibrium data better than Freundlich model, the results also indicated that the second order kinetic model is the best representative for adsorption of Sr(II) on GO, Chitosan and GO-Chitosan. Based on the regressions of intraparticle diffusion model, experimental data showed that the adsorption process involved intraparticle diffusion, which was not the only rate-controlling step.
Graphene oxide (GO) with high specific surface area was prepared and functionalized with ethylene diamine tetra‐acetic acid (EDTA). The as‐prepared GO and the functionalized one (GO‐EDTA) were ...characterized using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The as‐prepared and EDTA funcationalized GO were applied as adsorbent to remove strontium(II) and cobalt(II) from water. The results indicated that the prepared materials are efficient adsorbents for strontium(II) and cobalt(II) removal. The adsorption of CoII and SrII under effects of contact time, temperature, and pH was investigated It is concluded that the maximum adsorption capacities of GO for CoII and SrII were about 168 and 140 mg·g–1, whereas of GO‐EDTA the values were about 197 and 158 mg·g–1, respectively. It is indicated that pH 6 and temperature 40 °C are the best condition for CoII and SrII removal from water. The application of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms indicated that Langmuir isotherm is best fit for CoII and SrII equilibrium adsorption. Adsorption kinetics were studied by applying pseudo first‐order, pseudo second‐order, and intraparticle diffusion models on the experimental data. The results proved that pseudo second‐order model is the best represented adsorption kinetics. Appling the intraparticle diffusion regressions on the experimental data indicated that intraparticle diffusion involved in adsorption process, which was not the only rate‐controlling step.
Four commonly used organophosphates (fenitrothion, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, and trichlorfon) were orally administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats for five days in order to explore their effects on ...the activities of liver cytochrome P450 (CYP). In addition, Michaelis-Menten kinetics of the metabolic reactions catalyzed by liver CYPs were analyzed following the addition of these compounds to the assay system to examine their potential inhibitory effects on liver CYPs activities. These reactions included ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation, midazolam 4-hydroxylation, tolbutamide hydroxylation, and bufuralol 1’-hydroxylation for CYP1A, 3A, 2C, and 2D activities, respectively. Total CYP content was also examined after oral administration of each organophosphate. Results revealed that oral giving of fenitrothion inhibited significantly CYP1A and 3A activities while elevated activity of CYP2C. Fenitrothion is a potent inhibitor for CYP1A and 2C with Ki values of 0.42 and 36.1 µM, respectively but had a weak inhibitory effect on CYP2D and 3A with Ki values of 290 and 226 µM, respectively. Chlorpyrifos is a potent inhibitor of CYP1A with Ki 0.24 µM and moderately inhibited CYP2C or 3A with Ki values of 84.8 and 77.7 µM, respectively. On the other hand, dichlorvos and trichlorfon caused extremely low or negligible inhibition of different CYP activities. From these results, it is concluded that both fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos may increase the toxicity of chemicals in environmental living organisms through their potent inhibitory effects on these CYP activities, but dichlorvos and trichlorfon may not.
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common environmental pollutant that poses a major hazard to both humans and animals. Acacia senegal (Gum) is well-known for having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactive ...compounds. Our study aimed to scout the nephroprotective effects of Acacia gum (Gum) against AFB1-induced renal damage. Four groups of rats were designed: Control, Gum (7.5 mg/kg), AFB1 (200 µg/kg b.w) and AFB1-Gum, rats were co-treated with both Gum and AFB1. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was done to determine the phytochemical constituents in Gum. AFB1 triggered profound alterations in kidney function parameters (urea, creatinine, uric acid, and alkaline phosphatase) and renal histological architecture. Additionally, AFB1 exposure evoked up-regulation of mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nuclear factor kB p65 (NF-κB/P65) in renal tissue. The oxidative distress and apoptotic cascade are also instigated by AFB1 intoxication as depicted in down-regulated protein expression of the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD1) along with upregulation of cytochrome c (Cyto c), and cleaved Caspase3 (Casp3–17 and 19) in renal tissue. In conclusion, current study obviously confirms the alleviating effects of Gum supplementation against AFB1-induced renal dysfunction, oxidative harm, inflammation, and cell death. These mitigating effects are suggested to be attributed to Gum's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Our results recommend Gum supplementation as add-on agents to food that might aid in protection from AFB1-induced nephrotoxicity.
•Aflatoxin B1- provoked renal damage via oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways.•Acacia senegal (Gum) ameliorates AFB1-induced renal damage.•Gum inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation in the AFB1-induced renal damage.•Gum reduces AFB1-induced apoptosis in rats’ kidney.•Gum supplementation has therapeutic potential against AFB1-induced renal damage.
Aflatoxin B1 (AF) is an unavoidable environmental pollutant that contaminates food, feed, and grains, which seriously threatens human and animal health. Arabic gum (AG) has recently evoked much ...attention owing to its promising therapeutic potential. Thus, the current study was conducted to look into the possible mechanisms beyond the ameliorative activity of AG against AF-inflicted hepatic injury. Male Wistar rats were assigned into four groups: Control, AG (7.5 g/kg b.w/day, orally), AF (200 µg/kg b.w), and AG plus AF group. AF induced marked liver damage expounded by considerable changes in biochemical profile and histological architecture. The oxidative stress stimulated by AF boosted the production of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level along with decreases in the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Additionally, AF exposure was associated with down-regulation of the nuclear factor erythroid2–related factor2 (Nrf2) and superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1) protein expression in liver tissue. Apoptotic cascade has also been evoked following AF-exposure, as depicted in overexpression of cytochrome c (Cyto c), cleaved Caspase3 (Cl. Casp3), along with enhanced up-regulation of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nuclear factor kappa-B transcription factor/p65 (NF-κB/p65) mRNA expression levels. Interestingly, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory contents of AG may reverse the induced oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis in AF-exposed animals.
Nerium oleander
(
N. oleander
) is a well-known poisonous shrub that is frequently grown in gardens and public areas and contains numerous toxic compounds. The major toxic components are the cardiac ...glycosides oleandrin and neriin. The aim of our study was to evaluate the toxic effects of an ethanolic
N. oleander
leaf extract on haematological, cardiac, inflammatory, and serum biochemical parameters, as well as histopathological changes in the heart.
N. oleander
extract was orally administered for 14 and 30 consecutive days at doses of 100 and 200 mg of dried extract/kg of body weight in 0.5 mL of saline. The results showed significant increases in mean corpuscular volume, white blood cell counts, platelet counts, interleukins (IL-1 and IL-6), tumour necrosis factor alpha, C reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and creatine kinase MB, especially at high doses. Marked pathological changes were perceived in the heart tissue. Thus, it can be concluded that exposure to
N. oleander
leaf extract adversely affects the heart and liver.
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