Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is an autosomal recessive multisystemic human genetic disorder characterized by six major defects including obesity, mental retardation, renal anomalies, polydactyly, ...retinal degeneration and hypogenitalism. In several cases of BBS, few other features such as metabolic defects, cardiovascular anomalies, speech deficits, hearing loss, hypertension, hepatic defects and high incidence of diabetes mellitus have been reported as well. The BBS displays extensive genetic heterogeneity. To date, 19 genes have been mapped on different chromosomes causing BBS phenotypes having varied mutational load of each BBS gene. In this review, we have discussed clinical spectrum and genetics of BBS. This report presents a concise overview of the current knowledge on clinical data and its molecular genetics progress upto date.
Today, a major concern associated with the environment is the water pollution occurred due to the introduction of variety of persistent organic pollutants and residual dyes from different sources ...(e.g., dye and dye intermediates industries, paper and pulp industries, textile industries, tannery and craft bleaching industries, pharmaceutical industries, etc.) into our natural water resources. Recently, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) by photocatalyst have garnered great attention as a new frontier promising eco-friendly and sustainable wastewater treatment technology. Utilization of the photocatalytic technology efficiently is significant for cleaner environment. Bismuth based photocatalyst have aroused widespread attention as a visible light responsive photocatalyst for waste water treatment due to their non-toxicity, low cost, modifiable morphology, and outstanding optical and chemical properties. In this review, we have dealt with the research progress on bismuth-based photocatalysts for waste water treatment. However, it seems to give limitation over pristine photocatalysts such as slow migration of charge carriers, charge carrier recombination, low visible light absorption, etc., Various bismuth based photocatalyst and its modifications via doping, heterojunction, Z-scheme etc., are discussed in detail. Further, the strategies adopted to improve the photocatalytic activity of bismuth based photocatalyst to improve the waste water treatment (mostly drugs and dyes) are critically reviewed. Also, we have discussed the bacterial inactivation by bismuth based photocatalyst. Finally, the challenges and future aspects against bismuth based photocatalyst are explored for further research.
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•Bismuth based photocatalyst are used for the efficient treatment of waste water.•Addressed issues relating to water pollution and effluent treatment using photocatalysis process.•Modified strategies and defect regulations for effective degradation of toxic pollutants.•Application of bismuth based photocatalyst on treating pollutants, antimicrobial activity and Cr (VI) reduction.•A limitation and future aspect of bismuth based photocatalyst is discussed.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has an estimated prevalence of 25% in the general population, and cirrhosis secondary to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is predicted to become the ...leading cause of liver transplantation, yet there is a lack of effective licensed treatments for these conditions. There is a close relationship between insulin resistance (IR) and NAFLD, with prevalence of NAFLD being 5‐fold higher in patients with diabetes compared to those without. IR is implicated both in pathogenesis of NAFLD and in disease progression from steatosis to NASH. Thus, modulation of IR represents a potential strategy for NAFLD treatment. This review highlights key proposed mechanisms linking IR and NAFLD, such as changes in rates of adipose tissue lipolysis and de novo lipogenesis, impaired mitochondrial fatty acid β‐oxidation (FAO), changes in fat distribution, alterations in the gut microbiome, and alterations in levels of adipokines and cytokines. Furthermore, this review will discuss the main pharmacological strategies used to treat IR in patients with NAFLD and their efficacy based on recently published experimental and clinical data. These include biguanides, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor (GLP‐1) agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR‐γ/α/δ) agonists, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists, with further novel treatments on the horizon. Ideally, treatment would improve IR, reduce cardiovascular risk, and produce demonstrable improvements in NASH histology—this is likely to be achieved with a combinatorial approach.
Water pollution is becoming an inevitable problem in today's world. Tons and tons of wastewater with hazardous pollutants are getting discharged into the clean water bodies every day. In this regard, ...photocatalytic environmental remediation using nanotechnology such as the use of organic, metal and non-metal based semiconductor photocatalysts for photodegradation of pollutants has gained enormous attention in the past few decades. This review is focused particularly on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) which is a cheap, metal-free, polymeric photoactive compound and it is used as a potential photocatalyst in wastewater treatment. Though, pristine g-C3N4 is a good photocatalyst, it has certain drawbacks such as poor visible light absorption capacity, quicker recombination of photoelectrons and holes, delayed mass and charge transfer, etc. As a result, the pristine g-C3N4 catalyst is modified into novel 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D morphologies such as nano-quantum dots, nanorods, nanotubes, nanowires, nanosheets, nanoflakes, nanospheres, nanoshells, etc. It was also tailored into novel composites along with various compounds through doping, metal deposition, heterojunction formation, etc., to enhance the photocatalytic property of pure g-C3N4. The modified catalysts showed promising photocatalytic performance such as degradation of majority of pollutants in the environment. It also showed excellent results in the removal or reduction of heavy metals. This review provides a detailed record of g-C3N4 and its diverse photocatalytic applications in the past years and it provides knowledge for the development of such similar novel compounds in the future.
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•The study highlights the g-C3N4 based photocatalysts in wastewater treatment.•Synthesis of g-C3N4 using different methods to obtain various morphologies.•Tailoring g-C3N4 through doping, metal deposition, heterojunction formation.•Mechanism for wastewater treatment and H2 production using photocatalytic process.•An outlook for exploration of novel g–C3N4–based nanomaterials in further studies.
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•ZrO2-CaCr2O4-BiOIO3 nanocomposite were synthesised by facile co-precipitation method.•The NCs exhibits excellent photodegradation of cefixime and doxycycline.•The end product ...toxicity was evaluated against E.coli and S.epidermis.•Investigation of genotoxicity towards Allium cepa.•Elucidation of photodegradation pathway using ECOSAR software.
Today, diverse form of antibiotic drugs has been used extensively for the treatment of various microbe related diseases. The improper handling and overusage of these antibiotics have tremendously affected the aquatic system. Therefore, the development of low cost and highly efficient photocatalyst for the effective degradation of antibiotics is paramount for the remediation of toxic pollutants in water bodies. In the present study, the ternary ZrO2-CaCr2O4-BiOIO3 nanocomposite (NC) has been newly fabricated under simple chemical co-precipitation technique. The developed ternary NC was investigated for the photodegradation of cefixime (CFX) and doxycycline (DOX) under visible light irradiation. The prepared NC was characterized by various physiochemical analysis including HR-TEM, SEM, UV–vis DRS, XPS, FT-IR, ESR, PL, Raman, EIS, and N2 adsorption and desorption analysis. The reusability of the photocatalyst was tested by performing six consecutive cycles. The toxicity of the degraded end products of CFX and DOX has been evaluated against E. coli and S. epidermis. The fabricated NC was investigated for its photodegradation efficiency under different parameters such as pH, antibiotic concentration, and NC dosage. The photodegradation mechanism was elucidated using scavenging study, and ESR analysis. The TOC results confirmed the complete mineralisation of CFX and DOX. Also, the possible degradation pathway of CFX and DOX was determined based on GC–MS analysis. The fabricated NC were investigated for the genotoxicity towards Allium cepa. The present study opens up a new insight for using ZrO2-CaCr2O4-BiOIO3 photocatalyst for remediation of pharmaceutical pollutant.
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•Photocatalytic nano-materials reviewed for the degradation of ibuprofen.•Remediation performance and mechanism are qualitatively and quantitatively described.•Interfacial regulation ...strategies of catalysts to improve degradation of ibuprofen.•Toxic effects of ibuprofen, end products of degradation on aquatic organisms, human beings, etc., were discussed.
The usage of personal care products, pharmaceutically active compounds, dyes, and pesticides causes a great impact on aquatic organisms as well as human beings. Elimination of such persistent and eco-toxic pharmaceutically active compounds present in the sewage is a vital thrust area in environmental management. The designing and fabrication of efficient photocatalyst for degrading such compounds is one of the challenging and interesting aspects of photocatalysis. In this review, interfacial regulation strategies of photocatalysts, degradation pathways, and eco-toxicological effects of ibuprofen along with its intermediates have been discussed. Interfacial regulation strategies of catalysts can improve their performances in the degradation of ibuprofen by photocatalysis. The construction of nano-heterojunction and selection of co-catalyst is one of the most important parts for improving the catalyst performance. The photocatalytic efficiency of nano-heterojunctions is higher owing to its low rate of electron-hole (e−/h+) recombination, cost efficiency and improved light utilization. The role of co-catalyst in charge separation and electric conductivity has been discussed. The degradation efficiency of different photocatalysts has been collectively discussed. The toxic effects of ibuprofen on aquatic organisms, human beings, etc., have been discussed briefly. The photocatalytic degradation pathway of ibuprofen based on the active radical and the intermediate compounds along with their toxicity have been compared to other pharmaceuticals in this review. The future scopes in photocatalysis technology and its practical applications have been discussed.
Summary
Biological aging is associated with a reduction in the reparative and regenerative potential in tissues and organs. This reduction manifests as a decreased physiological reserve in response ...to stress (termed homeostenosis) and a time‐dependent failure of complex molecular mechanisms that cumulatively create disorder. Aging inevitably occurs with time in all organisms and emerges on a molecular, cellular, organ, and organismal level with genetic, epigenetic, and environmental modulators. Individuals with the same chronological age exhibit differential trajectories of age‐related decline, and it follows that we should assess biological age distinctly from chronological age. In this review, we outline mechanisms of aging with attention to well‐described molecular and cellular hallmarks and discuss physiological changes of aging at the organ‐system level. We suggest methods to measure aging with attention to both molecular biology (e.g., telomere length and epigenetic marks) and physiological function (e.g., lung function and echocardiographic measurements). Finally, we propose a framework to integrate these molecular and physiological data into a composite score that measures biological aging in humans. Understanding the molecular and physiological phenomena that drive the complex and multifactorial processes underlying the variable pace of biological aging in humans will inform how researchers assess and investigate health and disease over the life course. This composite biological age score could be of use to researchers seeking to characterize normal, accelerated, and exceptionally successful aging as well as to assess the effect of interventions aimed at modulating human aging.
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