Background and Aim
We conducted a nationwide validation study of diagnostic algorithms to identify cases of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) within the Korea National Health Insurance System (NHIS) ...database.
Method
Using the NHIS dataset, we developed 44 algorithms combining the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)‐10 codes, codes for Rare and Intractable Diseases (RID) registration and claims data for health care encounters, and pharmaceutical prescriptions for IBD‐specific drugs.
For each algorithm, we compared the case identification results from electronic medical records data with the gold standard (chart‐based diagnosis). A multiple sampling test verified the validation results from the entire study population.
Results
A random nationwide sample of 1697 patients (848 potential cases and 849 negative control cases) from 17 hospitals were included for validation. A combination of the ICD‐10 code, ≥ 1 claims for health care encounters, and ≥ 1 prescription claims (reference algorithm) achieved excellent performance (sensitivity, 93.1% 95% confidence interval 91–94.7; specificity, 98.1% 96.9–98.8; positive predictive value, 97.5% 96.1–98.5; negative predictive value, 94.5% 92.8–95.8) with the lowest error rate (4.2% 3.3–5.3). The multiple sampling test confirmed that the reference algorithm achieves the best performance regarding IBD diagnosis. Algorithms including the RID registration codes exhibited poorer performance compared with that of the reference algorithm, particularly for the diagnosis of patients affiliated with secondary hospitals. The performance of the reference algorithm showed no statistical difference depending on the hospital volume or IBD type, with P‐value < 0.05.
Conclusions
We strongly recommend the reference algorithm as a uniform standard operational definition for future studies using the NHIS database.
A
bstract
In this paper, we explore the physics of electromagnetically and gravitationally coupled massive higher spin states from the on-shell point of view. Starting with the three-point amplitude, ...we focus on the simplest amplitude characterized by matching to minimal coupling in the UV. In the IR, for charged states this leads to
g
= 2 for arbitrary spin, and the leading deformation corresponds to the anomalous magnetic dipole moment. We proceed to construct the (gravitational) Compton amplitude for generic spins via consistent factorization. We find that in gravitation couplings, the leading deformation leads to inconsistent factorization. This implies that for systems with Gauge
2
= Gravity relations, such as perturbative string theory, all charged states must have
g
= 2. It is then natural to ask for generic spin, what is the theory that yields such minimal coupling. By matching to the one body effective action, we verify that for large spins the answer is Kerr black holes. This identification is then an on-shell avatar of the no- hair theorem. Finally using this identification as well as the newly constructed Compton amplitudes, we proceed to compute the spin-dependent pieces for the classical potential at 2PM order up to degree four in spin operator of either black holes.
A
bstract
Building upon recent progress in applying on-shell amplitude techniques to classical observables in general relativity, we propose a closed-form formula for the conservative Hamiltonian of ...a spinning binary system at the 1st post-Minkowskian (1PM) order. It is applicable for general compact spinning bodies with arbitrary spin multipole moments. The formula is linear in gravitational constant by definition, but exact to all orders in momentum and spin expansions. At each spin order, our formula implies that the spin-dependence and momentum dependence factorize almost completely. We expand our formula in momentum and compare the terms with 1PM parts of the post-Newtonian computations in the literature. Up to canonical transformations, our results agree perfectly with all previous ones. We also compare our formula for black hole to that derived from a spinning test-body near a Kerr black hole via the effective one-body mapping, and find perfect agreement.
Abstract
The one-step electrochemical synthesis of H
2
O
2
is an on-site method that reduces dependence on the energy-intensive anthraquinone process. Oxidized carbon materials have proven to be ...promising catalysts due to their low cost and facile synthetic procedures. However, the nature of the active sites is still controversial, and direct experimental evidence is presently lacking. Here, we activate a carbon material with dangling edge sites and then decorate them with targeted functional groups. We show that quinone-enriched samples exhibit high selectivity and activity with a H
2
O
2
yield ratio of up to 97.8 % at 0.75 V vs. RHE. Using density functional theory calculations, we identify the activity trends of different possible quinone functional groups in the edge and basal plane of the carbon nanostructure and determine the most active motif. Our findings provide guidelines for designing carbon-based catalysts, which have simultaneous high selectivity and activity for H
2
O
2
synthesis.
A look at rechargeable lithium and sodium ion batteries is presented. The principles of lithium and sodium ion batteries are among the topics discussed.
A new capacitive‐type humidity sensor is proposed using novel materials and fabrication process for practical applications in sensitive environments and cost‐effective functional devices that require ...ultrasensing performances. Metal halide perovskites (CsPbBr3 and CsPb2Br5) combined with diverse ceramics (Al2O3, TiO2, and BaTiO3) are selected as sensing materials for the first time, and nanocomposite powders are deposited by aerosol deposition (AD) process. A state‐of‐the‐art CsPb2Br5/BaTiO3 nanocomposite humidity sensor prepared by AD process exhibits a significant increase in humidity sensing compared with CsPbBr3/Al2O3 and CsPbBr3/TiO2 sensors. An outstanding humidity sensitivity (21426 pF RH%−1) with superior linearity (0.991), fast response/recovery time (5 s), low hysteresis of 1.7%, and excellent stability in a wide range of relative humidity is obtained owing to a highly porous structure, effective charge separation, and water‐resistant characteristics of CsPb2Br5. Notably, this unprecedented result is obtained via a simple one‐step AD process within a few minutes at room temperature without any auxiliary treatment. The synergetic combination of AD technique and perovskite‐based nanocomposite can be potentially applied toward the development of multifunctional sensing devices.
An ultrasensitive and highly stable humidity sensor is fabricated through perovskite/ceramic nanocomposite layers using a simple and cost‐effective aerosol deposition process. The porous perovskite in the device plays an important role in the resultant massive polarization effect under low humidity, resulting in high sensitivity in the dynamic humidity range. This model can be widely implemented in various industrial fields.
In recent years, organic resistive memory devices in which active organic materials possess at least two stable resistance states have been extensively investigated for their promising memory ...potential. From the perspective of device fabrication, their advantages include simple device structures, low fabrication costs, and printability. Furthermore, their exceptional electrical performances such as a nondestructive reading process, nonvolatility, a high ON/OFF ratio, and a fast switching speed meet the requirements for viable memory technologies. Full understanding of the underlying physics behind the interesting phenomena is still challenging. However, many studies have provided useful insights into scientific and technical issues surrounding organic resistive memory. This Feature Article begins with a summary on general characteristics of the materials, device structures, and switching mechanisms used in organic resistive devices. Strategies for performance enhancement, integration, and advanced architectures in these devices are also presented, which may open a way toward practically applicable organic memory devices.
Recently, organic resistive memory devices, which have many advantages including simple device structures, low fabrication costs, and printability, have been extensively investigated. The focus of this Feature Article is on essential strategies for memory performance enhancement, high‐density integration, and advanced architectural concepts necessary for future memory applications.
In this study, we propose a modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, which is an improved version of the conventional PSO algorithm. To improve the performance of the conventional PSO, a ...novel method is applied to intelligently control the number of particles. The novel method compares the cost value of the global best (gbest) in the current iteration to that of the gbest in the previous iteration. If there is a difference between the two cost values, the proposed algorithm operates in the exploration stage, maintaining the number of particles. However, when the difference in the cost values is smaller than the tolerance values assigned by the user, the proposed algorithm operates in the exploitation stage, reducing the number of particles. In addition, the algorithm eliminates the particle that is nearest to the best particle to ensure its randomness in terms of the Euclidean distance. The proposed algorithm is validated using five numerical test functions, whose number of function calls is reduced to some extent in comparison to conventional PSO. After the algorithm is validated, it is applied to the optimal design of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM), aiming at minimizing the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the back electromotive force (back EMF). Considering the performance constraint, an optimal design is attained, which reduces back EMF THD and satisfies the back EMF amplitude. Finally, we build and test an experimental model. To validate the performance of the optimal design and optimization algorithm, a no-load test is conducted. Based on the experimental result, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm on optimal design of an electric machine is validated.
Understanding chirality, or handedness, in molecules is important because of the enantioselectivity that is observed in many biochemical reactions
, and because of the recent development of chiral ...metamaterials with exceptional light-manipulating capabilities, such as polarization control
, a negative refractive index
and chiral sensing
. Chiral nanostructures have been produced using nanofabrication techniques such as lithography
and molecular self-assembly
, but large-scale and simple fabrication methods for three-dimensional chiral structures remain a challenge. In this regard, chirality transfer represents a simpler and more efficient method for controlling chiral morphology
. Although a few studies
have described the transfer of molecular chirality into micrometre-sized helical ceramic crystals, this technique has yet to be implemented for metal nanoparticles with sizes of hundreds of nanometres. Here we develop a strategy for synthesizing chiral gold nanoparticles that involves using amino acids and peptides to control the optical activity, handedness and chiral plasmonic resonance of the nanoparticles. The key requirement for achieving such chiral structures is the formation of high-Miller-index surfaces ({hkl}, h ≠ k ≠ l ≠ 0) that are intrinsically chiral, owing to the presence of 'kink' sites
in the nanoparticles during growth. The presence of chiral components at the inorganic surface of the nanoparticles and in the amino acids and peptides results in enantioselective interactions at the interface between these elements; these interactions lead to asymmetric evolution of the nanoparticles and the formation of helicoid morphologies that consist of highly twisted chiral elements. The gold nanoparticles that we grow display strong chiral plasmonic optical activity (a dis-symmetry factor of 0.2), even when dispersed randomly in solution; this observation is supported by theoretical calculations and direct visualizations of macroscopic colour transformations. We anticipate that our strategy will aid in the rational design and fabrication of three-dimensional chiral nanostructures for use in plasmonic metamaterial applications.
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