Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species frequently contaminate crops. For this reason mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), and zearalenone (ZEA) are found ...in food and feed in a wide range of concentrations, depending on environmental and storage conditions. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed has been associated with acute and chronic poisoning and carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and co-occurrence of AFs (B 1 +B 2 +G 1 +G 2 ), OTA, FBs (B 1 +B 2 +B 3 ), and ZEA in 37 samples of cereals and feed randomly collected in 2007 from households of an endemic nephropathy (EN) area in Croatia. The mycotoxins were determined using the competitive direct ELISA test (CD-ELISA) in combination with thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The most frequent mycotoxin was ZEA (92%, mean 318.3 μg kg -1 ), followed by FBs (27%, 3690 μg kg -1 ), AFs (24.3%, 4.6 μg kg -1 ), and OTA (16.2%, 9.8 μg kg -1 ). Levels of AFs, ZEA, and FBs detected by CD-ELISA significantly correlated with the TLC results. However, only one OTA-positive sample was confirmed by TLC due to its high limit of detection. The levels of these mycotoxins were below the permissible limit for animal feed. Twenty-nine percent of cereals were contaminated with FBs, OTA, or ZEA in mass fractions above the permissible limit for humans. Co-occurrence of two toxins varied between 4.2% and 54% and of three between 4.2% and 7.6%. Prolonged co-exposure to AFs, OTA, FBs, and ZEA might increase the risk of various chronic diseases.
Vrste plijesni iz rodova Aspergillus, Penicillium i Fusarium _esti su kontaminanti usjeva te na takvim supstratima tvore mikotoksine. Stoga su žitarice i krmiva _esto kontaminirana aflatoksinima (AFs), okratoksinom A (OTA), fumonizinima (FBs) i zearalenonom (ZEA) u razli _itim koncentracijama ovisno o mikroklimatskim uvjetima na polju i u skladištu. Konzumiranje hrane kontaminirane mikotoksinima _esto je povezano s akutnim ili kroni _nim trovanjima, ali i s razvojem karcinoma. Cilj ovog rada bio je odrediti istodobnu pojavnost AFs (B 1 +B 2 +G 1 +G 2 ), OTA, FBs (B 1 +B 2 +B 3 ) i ZEA u uzorcima žitarica i krme (N=37) koji su nasumi _no skupljeni u individualnim domaćinstvima na podru _ju endemske nefropatije (EN) u Hrvatskoj (2007). Za određivanje navedenih mikotoksina korišten je kompetitivni direktni ELISA-test (CD-ELISA) u kombinaciji s tankoslojnom kromatografijom (TLC). Najzastupljeniji mikotoksin bio je ZEA (92 %, srednja koncentracija 318.3 μg kg -1 ), nakon _ega slijede FBs (27 %, 3690 μg kg -1 ), AFs (24.3 %, 4.6 μg kg -1 ) te OTA (16.2 %, 9.8 μg kg -1 ). Koncentracije AFs, FBs i ZEA određene CD-ELISA-testom statisti _ki zna _ajno koreliraju s rezultatima dobivenim s TLC. OTA je potvrđen metodom TLC samo u jednom uzorku zbog visokog limita detekcije. Dokazane koncentracije su ispod razina dopuštenih za krmiva, dok je 29 % uzoraka žitarica sadržavalo FBs, OTA ili ZEA u koncentracijama iznad dopuštenih u hrani za ljude. Kokontaminacija s dvama odnosno trima toksinima varirala je između 4.2 % i 54 % odnosno između 4.2 % i 7.6 %. Dugotrajni unos AFs, OTA, FBs i ZEA putem hrane može povećati rizik od razvoja razli _itih kroni _nih bolesti zbog njihova mogućega sinergisti _kog djelovanja.
Contaminants of Medicinal Herbs and Herbal Products Kosalec, Ivan (Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia); Cvek, Josipa (Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Zagreb, Croatia); Tomić, Siniša (Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Zagreb, Croatia)
Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju,
12/2009, Volume:
60, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Medicinal plants have a long history of use in therapy throughout the world and still make an important part of traditional medicine. Thus, medicinal plants and herbal products must be safe for the ...patient (consumer). This review addresses biological contaminants (microbes and other organisms) and chemical contaminants (mycotoxins, toxic elements such as heavy metals, and pesticide residues) as major common contaminants of medicinal herbs and herbal products. To prevent and screen for contamination and ensure safety and conformity to quality standards, medicinal herbs and herbal products should be included in appropriate regulatory framework.
Ljekovito bilje i biljni proizvodi već tisućljećima nalaze široku primjenu u razli _itim sustavima tradicionalnog lije _enja. Stoga je njihova neškodljivost, ponajprije uvjetovana kakvoćom biljne sirovine, od izuzetne važnosti za javno zdravstvo. Od mogućih _imbenika koji utje _u na kakvoću ljekovitog bilja i biljnih proizvoda ovaj pregledni rad osvrće se na naj _ešće prisutna biološka (mikroorganizmi) i kemijska one _išćenja (mikotoksini, toksi _ni elementi poput teških metala te ostaci pesticida). S ciljem postizanja ujedna _enih standarda kakvoće te osiguranja sigurnosti primjene biljnih proizvoda od vitalne su važnosti zakonski propisi koji moraju u odgovarajućim regulatornim okvirima obuhvatiti ovu skupinu proizvoda s naglaskom na sprje _avanju i ispitivanju njihovih mogućih one _išćenja.
In order to obtain antibacterial properties, the possibility of deposition of silver particles from silver nitrate (AgNO3) solutions by plasma deposition process using argon as a carrier gas (PDP-Ar) ...was explored. Hexamethyldisiloxane and acrylic acid were used as precursors and were deposited by plasma enhanced-chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD). The processes were carried out on lyocell and modal fbrics and antimicrobial efficacy was determined on E. coli and S. aureus using time kill assay method. The results of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) show that higher antimicrobial efficacy on E. coli is exhibited by the solution of (AgNO3) in ethylene-glycol (0.066 μg/ml) rather than in absolute ethanol (0.265 μg/ml). For S. aureus, minimal inhibitory concentrations of AgNO3 solutions in both absolute ethanol and ethylene-glycol as solvents are obtained at the same value (0.132 μg/ml). Overall, the best antibacterial eff ect for both modal and lyocell samples has been achieved against E. coli using treatments with precursors (AAC and HMDSO) and Ag-NO3 in ethylene-glycol as solvent, with prolonged incubation time.
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