Insight into effect of deuterium isotopes on organic near‐IR (NIR) emitters was explored by the use of self‐assembled Pt(II) complexes H‐3‐f and HPh‐3‐f, and their deuterated analogues D‐3‐f and ...DPh‐3‐f, respectively (Scheme 2). In vacuum deposited thin film, albeit having nearly identical emission spectral feature maximized at ~810 nm, H‐3‐f and D‐3‐f exhibit remarkable difference in photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 29 % and 50 %, respectively. Distinction in PLQY is also observed for HPh‐3‐f (800 nm, 50 %) and DPh‐3‐f (798 nm, 67 %). We then elucidated the theoretical differences in the impact on near‐infrared (NIR) luminescence between Pt(II) complexes and organic small molecules upon deuteration. The results establish a general guideline for the deuteration on NIR emission efficiency. From a perspective of practical application, NIR OLEDs based on D‐3‐f and DPh‐3‐f emitters attain EQEmax of 15.5 % (radiance 31,287 mW Sr−1 m−2) and 16.6 % (radiance of 32,279 mW Sr−1 m−2) at 764 nm and 796 nm, respectively, both of which set new records for NIR OLEDs of >750 nm.
We have developed general guidelines for the effect of deuterium isotopes on the NIR emission efficiency of Pt(II) complexes and common organic NIR emitters. Also, in this study the NIR OLED based on deuterated Pt(II) complex DPh‐3‐f emitter attains 796 nm electroluminescence with EQEmax of 16.6 % and radiance of 32,279 mW Sr−1 m−2, which sets new records for NIR OLEDs of >750 nm.
In this work, four different vacuum sintering temperatures (1250 °C, 1300 °C, 1350 °C and 1400 °C) were studied to determine the optimal process parameters of nano WC–15 wt% (Fe–Ni–Co) and WC–15 wt% ...Co sintered hard metal alloys. Experimental results showed that the optimal sintering temperatures for nano WC–(Fe–Ni–Co) and WC–Co alloys were 1300 °C and 1350 °C for 1 h, respectively. The sintered nano WC–(Fe–Ni–Co) and WC–Co hard metal alloys showed a good contiguity of 0.44 and 0.42; hardness was enhanced to HRA 90.83 and 90.92; the transverse rupture strength (TRS) increased to 2567.97 and 2860.08 MPa; and KIC was 16.23 and 12.33 MPa√m, respectively. Although the nano WC–(Fe–Ni–Co) alloys possessed a slightly lower TRS value, they exhibited superior fracture toughness (KIC) and hardness similar to that of the nano WC–Co material. Significantly, nano WC–(Fe–Ni–Co) alloys could be sintered at a lower temperature and still retained their excellent mechanical properties.
The following figure shows the fracture morphology of the WC–(Fe–Ni–Co) and WC–Co specimens by means of high-magnification SEM after the KIC tests. Fig. a shows that numerous binder phases (Fe–Ni–Co) existed in the crack areas, which resisted the penetration and extension of the cracks. Due to the bridging effect of the binder phase, the stress concentration of the crack tip will be resolved through plastic deformation; thus, the cracks did not continue to extend. Once the deformation reaches a critical value, the crack propagation occurs. Meanwhile, the binder phase can link together the two crack faces through the bridging process. Although parts of the cracked areas also showed the bridging effect in the WC–Co specimens, as shown by the arrows (Fig. b), the crack propagation path was not obviously affected. This result corresponds to the tortuosity phenomenon. Consequently, the bridging process suppressed the crack propagation and resulted in the increase in tortuosity. SEM observations of the bridging role of the (a) 1300 °C sintered WC–(Fe–Ni–Co), and (b) 1350 °C sintered WC–Co hard metal alloys after KIC tests. Display omitted
•The sintered nano WC–Co alloy sintered at 1350 °C had the highest hardness (HRA 90.92).•The sintered nano WC–(Fe–Ni–Co) alloys showed a good contiguity of 0.44.•The optimal nano WC–Co sintered alloy possessed the highest TRS value (2860.08 MPa).•WC–(Fe–Ni–Co) sintered alloy possessed the highest fracture toughness of KIC (16.23 MPam1/2).•The adding of an iron–nickel instead of a cobalt binder for tungsten carbides is preferable.
Background & Aims The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) increases with age, but protective antibody responses decrease with time after infants are immunized against hepatitis B virus (HBV). ...We investigated whether immunization of infants against HBV prevents their developing HCC as adults. We also searched for strategies to maximize the cancer-preventive effects. Methods We collected data from 2 Taiwan HCC registry systems on 1509 patients (6–26 years old) diagnosed with HCC from 1983 through 2011. Data on history of HBV immunization and prenatal maternal levels of HBV antigens of all HCC patients born after July 1984 were retrieved from the HBV immunization data bank of the Taiwan Center for Disease Control. We collected data on birth cohort-specific populations (6–26 years old) of Taiwan using the National Household Registry System. Rates of HCC incidence per 105 person-years were derived by dividing the number of patients with HCC by the person-years of the general population. Relative risks (RR) for HCC were estimated by Poisson regression analysis in vaccinated vs unvaccinated birth cohorts. We stratified patients by age group to evaluate the association of birth cohorts and HCC risks. Results Of the 1509 patients with HCC, 1343 were born before, and 166 were born after, the HBV vaccination program began. HCC incidence per 105 person-years was 0.92 in the unvaccinated cohort and 0.23 in the vaccinated birth cohorts. The RRs for HCC in patients 6–9 years old, 10–14 years old, 15–19 years old, and 20–26 years old who were vaccinated vs unvaccinated were 0.26 (95% confidence interval CI, 0.17–0.40), 0.34 (95% CI, 0.25–0.48), 0.37 (95% CI, 0.25–0.51), and 0.42 (95% CI, 0.32–0.56), respectively. The RR for HCC in 6- to 26-year-olds was lower in the later vs the earlier cohorts (born in 1992–2005 vs 1986–1992; P < .001 and 1986–1992 vs 1984–1986; P < .002). Transmission of HBV from highly infectious mothers and incomplete immunization were associated with development of HCC. Conclusions Based on an analysis of 1509 patients with HCC in Taiwan, immunization of infants against HBV reduces their risk of developing HCC as children and young adults. Improving HBV vaccination strategies and overcoming risk factors could reduce the incidence of liver cancer.
With the rapid development of machine learning technology, as a regression problem that helps people to find the law from the massive data to achieve the prediction effect, more and more people pay ...attention. Data prediction has become an important part of people’s daily life. Currently, the technology is widely used in many fields such as weather forecasting, medical diagnosis and financial forecasting. Therefore, the research of machine learning algorithms in regression problems is a research hotspot in the field of machine learning in recent years. However, real-world regression problems often have very complex internal and external factors, and various machine learning algorithms have different effects on scalability and predictive performance. In order to better study the application effect of machine learning algorithm in regression problem, this paper mainly adopts three common machine learning algorithms: BP neural network, extreme learning machine and support vector machine. Then, by comparing the effects of the single model and integrated model of these machine learning algorithms in the application of regression problems, the advantages and disadvantages of each machine learning algorithm are studied. Finally, the performance of each machine learning algorithm in regression prediction is verified by simulation experiments on four different data sets. The results show that the research on several machine learning algorithms and their integration models has certain feasibility and rationality.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common malignancy in Taiwan. Therefore, refining the diagnostic sensitivity of biomarkers for early‐stage tumours and identifying therapeutic ...targets are critical for improving the survival rate of HNSCC patients. Metabolic reprogramming contributes to cancer development and progression. Metabolic pathways, specifically, play a crucial role in these diverse biological and pathological processes, which include cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated the role and potential prognostic value of the ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme E2 (UBE2) family in HNSCC. Gene expression database analysis followed by tumour comparison with non‐tumour tissue showed that UBE2C was upregulated in tumours and was associated with lymph node metastasis in HNSCC patients. Knockdown of UBE2C significantly reduced the invasion/migration abilities of SAS and CAL27 cells. UBE2C modulates glycolysis pathway activation and HIF‐1α expression in SAS and CAL27 cells. CoCl2 (HIF‐1α inducer) treatment restored the expression of glycolytic enzymes and the migration/invasion abilities of UBE2C knockdown cells. Based on our findings, UBE2C expression mediates HIF‐1α activation, increasing glycolysis pathway activation and the invasion/migration abilities of cancer cells. UBE2C may be an independent prognostic factor and a therapeutic target in HNSCC.
Previously, we revealed the dual enhancing effect of netoglitazone, an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ, on adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis, and reported that fatty ...acid synthase (FASN) knockdown selectively repressed its pro‐adipogenic effect. Here, we examined if a FASN inhibitor, C75, could selectively repress the pro‐adipogenic effect of netoglitazone. Surprisingly, C75 promoted the adipogenic differentiation of multipotent C3H10T1/2 cells but inhibited 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes. By identifying glycogen synthase kinase‐3β and intracellular cAMP levels as regulatory targets of C75, we ultimately found the differential expression of adenosine receptor 3 (AR3) and AR2a on these cells. Inhibition of AR3 on C3H10T1/2 and AR2a on 3T3‐L1 inhibited the effects of C75 on the differentiation of these cells. Our findings imply that cell‐type‐specific AR expression might account for the differential adipogenic effects of C75.
Subcutaneous fat decreases, whereas marrow fat increases with ageing. Whether these processes are regulated co‐ordinately is unclear. This study shows that the fatty acid synthase inhibitor C75 can oppositely regulate the adipogenic potential of multipotent cells and the differentiation of preadipocytes via adenosine receptor/cAMP/GSK3β signalling, which supports the notion that the change in marrow and subcutaneous fat deposition with ageing could be regulated co‐ordinately.
Recently, various designs and material manufactured interspinous process devices (IPDs) are on the market in managing symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). However, atraumatic fracture of the ...intervening spinous process has been reported in patients, particularly, double or multiple level lumbar decompression surgery with IPDs. This study aimed to biomechanically investigate the effects of few commercial IPDs, namely DIAMTM, CoflexTM, and M-PEEK, which were implanted into the L2-3, L3-4 double-level lumbar spinal processes. A validated finite element model of musculoskeletal intact lumbar spinal column was modified to accommodate the numerical analysis of different implants. The range of motion (ROM) between each vertebra, stiffness of the implanted level, intra stress on the intervertebral discs and facet joints, and the contact forces on spinous processes were compared. Among the three implants, the Coflex system showed the largest ROM restriction in extension and caused the highest stress over the disc annulus at the adjacent levels, as well as the sandwich phenomenon on the spinous process at the instrumented levels. Further, the DIAM device provided a superior loading-sharing between the two bridge supports, and the M-PEEK system offered a superior load-sharing from the superior spinous process to the lower pedicle screw. The limited motion at the instrumented segments were compensated by the upper and lower adjacent functional units, however, this increasing ROM and stress would accelerate the degeneration of un-instrumented segments.
The purpose of this paper is to use bond graphs to retain system structures, linking dynamic models and the transfer functions of control systems, and develop a universal analysis method for ...eliminating the right-half-plane zeros (RHP-zeros) of systems. Although previous literature has investigated RHP-zero elimination, their findings were only applicable to specific systems. When such a system is modified, only a trial-and-error method can be applied to eliminate the RHP-zeros of systems. The main feature of the proposed method involves the analysis of the causal paths contained in bond graphs. Analysis results then serve as a guideline for RHP-zero elimination, which can involve processes including modification of model structures or changes to paths. This method improves the system to get a better performance, instead of using the trial-and-error methods. Finally, a boost converter with an RHP-zero is applied to various examples of RHP-zero elimination, verifying that the proposed methodology can be used to eliminate the RHP-zeros of systems without the need of a trial-and-error process.
This article analyzes a Taiwanese learning experience about the U.S. Civil Rights Movement, launching an educational project with 18 Taiwanese high school students to discuss their understanding of ...race, racism, and social justice. The rationale of analyzing the student participants' comments rests on critical race theory. After analysis, this study found that Han ethnocentrism functions as a hidden identity and value system to influence the student participants to respond to racial issues. Han ethnocentrism caused the participants focusing on the racial experiences in Han groups and narrowed their understandings to the world. However, the result of this research also indicated that with a proper introduction, participants were willing and capable of developing racial sensitivity and affirmative attitudes about social justice toward minorities in Taiwan, such as Taiwanese Aboriginals and Southeast Asian migrant workers.
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