•Vaccination with RSV VLP G, but not VLP F, resulted in vaccine-enhanced disease following RSV challenge in mice.•Vaccination with mixed RSV VLP F and VLP G had an additive effect on protective ...immunity against RSV challenge in mice.•No vaccine-enhanced disease was observed in RSV challenged mice after vaccination with mixed RSV VLP F and VLP G.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important pathogen for lower respiratory tract illness in infants and a high priority for vaccine development. We previously reported that RSV virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing either the fusion (F) or attachment (G) glycoprotein could confer protection against RSV challenge in BALB/c mice. Here, we tested the hypothesis that RSV VLP vaccine efficacy can be enhanced by mixing RSV VLP F and RSV VLP G, and we analyzed host responses to these RSV VLPs. Mice were immunized with VLP F, VLP G, or VLP F+VLP G. Lung viral loads in BALB/c mice following RSV strain A2-line19F challenge were lower in mice vaccinated with RSV VLP F+VLP G compared to VLP F- or VLP G-vaccinated mice. Vaccination with VLP F or VLP F+VLP G induced similar levels of neutralizing antibodies. The enhanced protection against RSV challenge induced by vaccination with RSV VLP F+VLP G correlated with CD8 T cells producing T helper type 1 cytokines. VLP G vaccination alone followed by challenge resulted in immunopathology similar to formalin-inactivated RSV vaccination and RSV challenge. Taken together, mixed VLP F+VLP G provided a high level of protection against RSV without vaccine-induced immunopathology, but VLP G vaccination enhanced disease when used alone.
Ginseng products used as herb nutritional supplements are orally consumed and fermented to ginsenoside compounds by the intestinal microbes. In this study, we investigated antiviral protective ...effects of fermented ginseng extracts against different strains of influenza viruses in genetically diverse mouse models. Intranasal coinoculation of mice with fermented ginseng extract and influenza virus improved survival rates and conferred protection against H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, and H7N9 strains, with the efficacy dependent on the dose of ginseng samples. Antiviral protection by fermented ginseng extract was observed in different genetic backgrounds of mice and in the deficient conditions of key adaptive immune components (CD4, CD8, B cell, MHCII). The mice that survived primary virus inoculation with fermented ginseng extract developed immunity against the secondary infection with homologous and heterosubtypic viruses. In vitro cell culture experiments showed moderate virus neutralizing activity by fermented ginseng extract, probably by inhibiting hemagglutination and neuraminidase activity. This study suggests that fermented ginseng extracts might provide a means to treat influenza disease regardless of virus strains.
In this paper, the development of compact transmission soft x-ray microscopy (XM) with sub-50 nm spatial resolution for biomedical applications is described. The compact transmission soft x-ray ...microscope operates at lambda = 2.88 nm (430 eV) and is based on a tabletop regenerative x-ray source in combination with a tandem ellipsoidal condenser mirror for sample illumination, an objective micro zone plate and a thinned back-illuminated charge coupled device to record an x-ray image. The new, compact x-ray microscope system requires the fabrication of proper x-ray optical devices in order to obtain high-quality images. For an application-oriented microscope, the alignment procedure is fully automated via computer control through a graphic user interface. In imaging studies using our compact XM system, a gold mesh image was obtained with 45 nm resolution at x580 magnification and 1 min exposure. Images of a biological sample (Coscinodiscus oculoides) were recorded.
Graded 다층박막거울을 이용한 단색 엑스선 획득 유철우; Cheolwoo Ryu; 최병정 ...
Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology,
06/2015, Volume:
9, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Open access
최근 의료영상기술에서 유방암 엑스선 진단기술의 주요 이슈는 정확한 조기암 진단과 환자의 피폭선량의 감소에 있다. 엑스선 영상대비도를 높이고 피폭선량을 줄이는 기술 중 하나로써 다층박막거울을 이용한 단색 엑스선을 획득하는 연구가 선행되어 왔다. 그러나 기존의 Uniform 다층박막거울은 거울면의 일부 반사영역에서만 원하는 파장대역의 단색 엑스선을 얻을 수 ...있어서 엑스선 영상기술 응용에 한계가 있다.
본 연구에서는 다층박막거울의 전 영역에 걸쳐 동일한 단색엑스선을 얻기 위해 거울에 입사하는 백색 엑스선의 입사각에 상응하는 선형적 기울기의 박막두께를 갖는 Graded 다층박막거울을 설계하였고, 기존 이온빔 스퍼터링 장치에 마스크 제어 장치를 추가 제작하여 100×100mm 2 크기로 제작하였다. 제작된 Graded 다층박막거울은 17.5keV의 단색엑스선을 획득할 수 있도록 설계하였으며 박막두께주기는 2.88nm~4.62nm(Center 3.87nm)이다. 엑스선 반사율은 60% 이상이며, 단색 엑스선의 FWHM은 1.4keV 이하이고 엑스선 빔 폭은 3mm정도이다. 유방촬영에 적합한 몰리브덴특성엑스선에 해당하는 17.5keV의 단색 엑스선을 얻음으로써 저선량·고감도유방암 진단장치 개발에 응용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
At a recent medical imaging technology, the major issue of X-ray diagnosis in breast cancer is the early detection of breast cancer and low patient's exposure dose. As one of studies to acquire a monochromatic X-ray, Technologies using multilayer mirror had been preceded. However, a uniform multilayer mirror that consists of uniform thin-film thickness can acquire a monochromatic X-ray only in the partial area corresponds to angle of incidence of white X-ray, so there are limits for X-ray imaging technology applications.
In this study, we designed laterally graded multilayer mirror(below GML) that reflects same monochromatic X-ray over the entire area of thin-film mirror, which have the the thickness of the linear gradient that correspond to angle of incidence of white X-ray. By using ion-beam sputtering system added the mask control system we fabricated a GML which has size of 100×100mm 2 . The GML is designed to achieve the monochromatic X-ray of 17.5kev energy and has thin-film thickness change from 4.62nm to 6.57nm(3.87nm at center). It reflects the monochromatic X-ray with reflectivity of more than 60 percent, FWHM of below 2.6keV and X-ray beam width of about 3mm. The monochromatic X-ray corresponded to 17.5keV using GML would have wide application in development of mammography system with high contrast and low dose.
CdTe 멀티에너지 엑스선 영상센서 패키징 기술 개발 권영만; Youngman Kwon; 김영조 ...
Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology,
12/2014, Volume:
8, Issue:
7
Journal Article
Open access
CdTe 멀티에너지 X선 영상센서와 ROIC를 패키징 하기 위한 flip chip bump bonding, Au wire bonding 및 encapsulation 공정조건을 개발하였으며 성공적으로 모듈화 하였다. 최적 flip chip bonding 공정 조건은 접합온도 CdTe 센서 150 ℃, ROIC 270 ℃, 접합압력 24.5N, 접합시간 ...30s일 때이다. ROIC에 형성된 SnAg bump의 bonding이용이하도록 CdTe 센서에 비하여 상대적으로 높은 접합온도를 설정하였으며, CdTe센서가 실리콘 센서에 비하여 쉽게 파손되는 것을 고려하여 접합압력을 최소화하였다. 패키징 완료된 CdTe 멀티에너지 X선 모듈의 각각 픽셀들은 단락이나 합선 등의 전기적인 문제점이 없는 것을 X선 3D computed tomography를 통해 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 Flip chip bump bonding후 전단력은 2.45 kgf/mm 2 로 측정되었으며, 이는 기준치인 2 kgf/mm 2 이상으로 충분한 접합강도를 가짐을 확인하였다.
The process of flip-chip bump bonding, Au wire bonding and encapsulation were sucessfully developed and modularized. The CdTe sensor and ROIC were optimally jointed together at 150 ℃and 270 ℃ respectively under24.5 N for 30s. To make SnAg bump on ROIC easy to be bonded, the higher bonding temperature was established than CdTe sensor's. In addition, the bonding pressure was lowered minimally because CdTe Sensor is easier to break than Si Sensor. CdTe multi-energy sensor module observed were no electrical failures in the joints using developed flip chip bump bonding and Au wire bonding process. As a result of measurement, shearing force was 2.45 kgf/mm 2 and, it is enough bonding force against threshold force, 2 kgf/mm 2 s.
In this presentation, the development of compact transmission soft x-ray microscopy (XM) as a imaging tool for sub-50nm spatial resolution hydrated cell imaging is described. The compact transmission ...soft x-ray microscope operates at λ = 2.88 nm (430eV) and is based on a tabletop regenerative x-ray source in combination with tandem ellipsoidal condenser mirror (TECM) for sample illumination, objective micro zone plate (OZP) and thinned back-illuminated charge coupled device (CCD) to record an x-ray image. The spectral resolution of illumination soft x-ray has been shown to be E/□E=1000. The new, compact x-ray microscope system requires the fabrication of proper x-ray optical devices in order to obatain high-quality images. For an application-oriented microscope, the alignment procedure is fully-automated via computer control through a graphic user interface. On imaging studies using our compact XM system, the gold mesh image was obtained with 45 nm resolution at ×580 magnification and 1 minute exposure. The images of the biological sample were recorded.
Wireless industrial sensor networks are necessary for industrial applications, so that wireless sensor nodes sense around themselves and detect anomaly events in the harsh industrial environments. ...Due to the harshness, anomaly events such as adversarial intrusions may result in harmful and disastrous situations for industrial applications but it is difficult to detect them over wireless medium. Intrusion detection is an essential requirement for security, but as far as we know, there have not been such studies for wireless industrial sensor networks in the literature. The previous intrusion detection methods proposed for wireless sensor networks consider networks rather in general senses and restrict capabilities to specific attacks only. In this paper, we first study intrusion detection for wireless industrial sensor networks, through various experiments and design of a hierarchical framework. We classify and select better methodologies against various intrusions. Subsequently, we find novel results on the previous methodologies. We also propose a new hierarchical framework for intrusion detection as well as data processing. Throughout the experiments on the proposed framework, we stress the significance of one-hop clustering, which was neglected in the previous studies. Finally, we construct required logical protocols in the hierarchical framework; hierarchical intrusion detection and prevention protocols.
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