In this work, Cu-doped NaFe
0.5
Co
0.5
O
2
was easily prepared by a one-step solid-state reaction and studied the effect of copper salt precursors including CuCl
2
and Cu(OAc)
2
on the structure and ...electrochemical properties. XRD patterns of the synthesized materials all exhibited diffraction peaks of O3-type layered oxide with high crystallinity and negligible impurity of halide compound. Using Cu(OAc)
2
precursor showed a well-defined voltage profile feature of NaFe
0.5
Co
0.5
O
2
material and a superior performance in sodium half-cell. Doped samples exhibited a capacity of 130 mAh g
−1
which is higher than pristine NaFe
0.5
Co
0.5
O
2
and good capacity retention for 100 cycles. Ex situ XRD results indicated the complex phase transition above 4 V on the first charge, but the structure of the Cu-doped materials remained O3-type layered after the end of cycling. Additionally, Cu-doping effectively enhanced Na
+
diffusion coefficients also indicated using the cyclic voltammetry method.
To investigate the combined effects of calcination temperature and carbon nanotube (CNT) proportion, we have synthesized LiFePO4 (LFP) using hydrothermal process using glucose at various calcination ...temperatures (600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C). The morphology of the synthesized LFP was investigated by Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Structural changes of the synthesized LFP were studied by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In Li half cells containing 15% carbon, carbon black ratio was replaced by CNTs in proportions of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Through the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves, the diffusion coefficients of Li ions were determined, which shows an increasing trending with the increase of the proportion of CNTs. Intelligent Modelling approach of Artificial neural network (ANN) was then applied on the obtained specific capacity to predict the trend of change in specific capacity with temperature and CNT proportion. The composite electrode LFP-800 °C/C/10%CNT was predicted to be the best performer by ANN approach and also validated. In the galvanostatic cycling test, this nanocomposite showed the highest specific capacity of 160.8 mAh/g. The ANN results predicted the specific capacity of every proportion of CNT (0–15%) and temperature (600–800 °C) thus reducing experimental needs as well.
•Effects of calcination temperature and CNT for LiFePO4 batteries was studied.•Morphology was studied by SEM, XRD, Raman and X-RAY photoelectron spectroscopy.•ANN was applied and predicted specific capacity accurately based on CNT Proportion.•The highest specific capacity of 160.8 mAh/g was found.
Nanostructured HoFeO3 perovskite was successfully prepared via co-precipitation of Fe3+ and Ho3+ ions in ethanol, followed by heat treatment. Analysis revealed the orthorhombic structure, uniaxial ...orientation, and nanograin size. This anode material exhibited excellent electrochemical properties in lithium-ion batteries including high capacity retention and Coulombic efficiency, good cyclability, low charge transfer, high Li+ diffusion coefficient, and excellent rate performance. They delivered reversible capacity of 437 mAh g−1 after 120 cycles at current density of 0.1 A g−1, a charge capacity of 299 mAh g−1 even at high current density of 10 A g−1. Outstanding performance can be ascribed to unique nanostructured perovskite. Nanosized materials offer a larger electrode/electrolyte interface, and reduce Li-ion diffusion length, improving reaction kinetics. Perovskite structure effectively prevented anode degradation during cycling, demonstrating excellent reversible storage. Kinetics of electrochemical reactions were also studied. All indicate the great potential of HoFeO3 perovskite as an anode material in LIBs.
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•PVdF-HFP gel polymer electrolyte film (30–50 µm of thickness) is introduced.•Good ionic conductivity of 1–2 mS.cm−1 is obtained at room temperature.•Stable specific capacity of ...100 mAh.g−1 for Na0.44MnO2 using GPEs at C/10, 25 °C.
Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) films using polyvinylidene fluoride – hexafluoropropylene (PVdF – HFP) matrix were prepared for aim to achieve good sodium-ion conductivity at room temperature. GPE of PVF-HFP were formed by microporous PVDF-HFP membranes filled and swollen in different liquid electrolytes: GPEs were formed by microporous PVDF-HFP membranes filled and swollen in different liquid electrolytes: NaClO4, NaPF6 and NaTFSI salts dissolved in mixtures of carbonate solvents (propylene carbonate (PC), fluoroethylenecarbonate (FEC)) or ionic liquids (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)imide and 1-butyl-3-methyl bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide). The effect of different electrolytes on the structure and morphology, electrolyte absorption and sodium ionic conductivity of activated membrane were investigated. GPEs showed “sponge-like” structure with high porosity of 80–85% and large pore size. The ionic conductivity of GPEs reached 1–2 mS.cm−1 at room temperature. Sodium intercalation into Na0.44MnO2 electrode was performed in coin-cell type by using GPEs as conduction media. Cycling data of sodium cell using PVdF-HFP/NaClO4 1 M-PC:2%FEC exhibited an excellent stable specific capacity of 100 mAh.g−1 at room temperature.
•Problem of Battery capacity estimation in uncertain environment is undertaken.•Two inputs, temperature and discharge rate, is considered for modeling capacity.•Genetic programming (GP) with variant ...of its objective functions is proposed.•SRM based GP model is able to estimate capacity accurately.•Global and 3D analysis suggests temperature is vital input factor for estimation.
Past studies on battery models is focussed on formulation of physics-based models, empirical models and fusion models derived from the battery pack data of electric vehicle. It is desirable to have an explicit, robust and accurate models for battery states estimation in-order to ensure its proper reliability and safety. The present work conducts a brief survey on battery models and will propose the evolutionary approach of Genetic programming (GP) for the battery capacity estimation. The experimental design for GP simulation comprises of the inputs such as the battery temperature and the rate of discharge. Further, the seven objective functions in GP approach is designed by introducing the complexity based on the order of polynomial. This step will ensure the precise functions evaluation in GP and drives the evolutionary search towards its optimum solutions. The design and analysis of the GP based battery capacity models involves the statistical validation of the seven objective functions based on error metrics with 2-D and 3-D surface plots. The results conclude that the GP models using Structural risk minimization (SRM) objective function accurately estimate the battery capacity based on the variations of the inputs. 2-D and 3-D surface analysis of the GP model reveals the increasing–decreasing nature of temperature-battery capacity curve with temperature the dominant input. The battery capacity model obtained using SRM as an objective function in GP is robust and thus can be integrated in the electric vehicle system for monitoring its performance and ensure its safety.
This study successfully demonstrates the recovery of energy from the effluent of hydrogen fermentation (EHF) by generating electrical power in batch dual-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) ...inoculated with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. The effluent obtained from the hydrogen fermentation process of pretreated liquid on Bambusa stenostachya Hack. bamboo which contained organic compounds such as acetate, lactate, and butyrate as carbon sources for Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and other electro-active microorganisms. Two scenarios of the anolyte of MFC were considered. The first case comprises a supply of 10 mM of lactate in hydrogen fermentation wastewater while the second one is without lactate-supply. The power density and current density of these MFCs were determined to be 0.3–0.6 W/m2 and 1.7–2.7 A/m2, respectively. The highest voltage generating from MFC without lactate addition was 0.76 V while others were around 0.65 V. The percentage of COD removal on the effluent of hydrogen fermentation ranged from 75% to 83% after 8 operational days followed by the acclimation process. The differences in the impedance characteristics of these MFCs were analyzed by using EIS technique. The average thickness of biofilm formation on the anode electrode was from 7 μm to 23 μm which showed the enhanced electricity production of the MFC system. Moreover, the experimental results demonstrated that the performance of MFC without the lactate supply was better than the other one. Also, its lower substrate consumption efficiency was mentioned.
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•Integration of MR-1 and hydrogen fermentation is good for performance of MFCs.•Lactate was preferred substrates than acetate in these MFC systems.•Inhibited Shewanella oneidensis was detected at lactate concentrations of 1.15 g/L.•Wastewater treatment with COD reduction in range of 75%–83% was observed.
Magnesium batteries, like lithium‐ion batteries, with higher abundance and similar efficiency, have drawn great interest for large‐scale applications such as electric vehicles, grid energy storage ...and many more. On the other hand, the use of organic electrode materials allows high energy‐performance, metal‐free, environmentally friendly, versatile, lightweight, and economically efficient magnesium storage devices. In particular, the structural diversity and the simple activity of organic molecules make redox properties, and hence battery efficiency, easy to monitor. While organic magnesium batteries still in their infancy, this field becomes more and more promising because significant results were reported. To summarize the achievements in studies on organic cathodes for magnesium systems, their synthesis is discussed, combined with electrode design to provide the basis for controlling the electrochemical properties. Moreover, the techniques to synthesize organic materials with high‐yield are mentioned. Finally, potential problems and prospects are explored to further improve organic cathodes.
Mg cell is one of the promising candidate to replace to Li‐ion batteries thanks to its advantages such as more abundance, cheaper and most importantly, the safety for the users. Positive electrode study is an important field in its development. Not only inorganic materials, but also the organic positive electrode research remains a major challenge to its potential use. Therefore, in this review, studies on organic positive electrodes in Mg batteries so far will be generalized.
A comprehensive process of recycling of lithium ion battery from EVs.
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•Recycling of lithium ion batteries from EVs will be a big challenge by 2020.•The work summarizes mechanical and ...metallurgical procedures for recycling of packs.•Mechanical procedure comprises of intelligent disassembly system for battery packs.•Metallurgical processes includes new pyro-, hydro-,bio-metallurgy and hybrid methods.
Due to enormous growth of production of electric vehicles, it is estimated by the year 2020 about 250,000 tons of battery must be disposed or recycled. The technology to recycle this much amount of batteries in a single year does not exist., neither does the methods for recycling are standardized because of different configurations of battery packs. A challenge strictly poses on how to deal with lithium ion batteries, which are embedded in hundreds or more in a battery pack. Furthermore, the recovery of materials from the battery in the pack is essential to ensure the growth and sustainability of the electric vehicle market. It is desirable to establish a framework that is semi-automated/automated for ensuring faster disassembly of battery pack, identification and detection of residual energy of batteries in packs and recovery of materials from batteries. This review paper summarizes the two main basic aspects of recycling battery packs: mechanical procedure and chemical recycling (metallurgical). The work summarizes the existing recycling technology in these two aspects and identifies important research problems in the process of recycling of pack such as (i) automatic and intelligent recovery system, (ii) efficiency and safety disassemble of battery pack (iii) Adjustment of Chaos in recycling market (iv) Recovery processes for slag, electrolyte and anode, (v) Application in industrial scale, and (vi) development of recycling methods for new batteries having components with different properties. This paper also proposes a framework to push the recycling process from conception to practicality, both on government incentive polices and effective recycling technology.
Energy production systems such as proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has a promising future in the cleaner energy market due to zero emissions. Rubber pad forming (RPF) process of metallic ...bipolar plates of PEMFCs is gaining attention among the researchers. Studies based on design of experiments have been conducted to find the crucial parameters of the forming process. These methods are based on the assumptions of the model structure, correlated residuals, etc., which can cause uncertainty in estimation ability of the model on unseen data. Therefore, the present study focuses on the design of robust models of these parameters for PEMFCs using an optimization approach of genetic programming (GP). The inputs from the experiments considered in GP are radius, the friction coefficient, the filling factor and the minimum thickness. Experiments on PEMFCs validates the performance of the GP models. Further, the relationships between the two inputs and the three outputs for PEMFCs are generated as well as the contributions of each input to each of the output. Optimization of the models generated by GP can further determine the forming quality of metallic bipolar plates of PEMFCs by an appropriate setting of the two inputs.
•Problem on optimization of forming process of bipolar plates of PEMFC is taken.•Experiments on determining the minimum thickness of bipolar plates were conducted.•Genetic Programming (GP) methodology is then proposed to build models.•Additional experiments validate the models and investigates its robustness.•2-D and 3-D surface analysis of model provides insights into working of process.
