Currently, we understand much about how children’s brains attend to and learn from information presented while they are alone, viewing a screen – but less about how interpersonal social influences ...are substantiated in the brain. Here, we consider research that examines how social behaviors affect not one, but both partners in a dyad. We review studies that measured interpersonal neural entrainment during early social interaction, considering two ways of measuring entrainment: concurrent entrainment (e.g., ‘when A is high, B is high’ – also known as synchrony) and sequential entrainment (‘changes in A forward-predict changes in B’). We discuss possible causes of interpersonal neural entrainment, and consider whether it is merely an epiphenomenon, or whether it plays an independent, mechanistic role in early attention and learning.
Social factors exert transient influences on the brains of both partners during an interaction.Interpersonal neural entrainment during early learning interactions has been documented at multiple temporal scales, replicating findings with adults and animals.Neural entrainment can be a consequence of behavioral coordination, but it can also arise in the absence of behavioral coordination: shared understanding involves temporally co-occurring patterns of brain activity.Neural entrainment may influence learning in multiple ways; for example, by allowing the sender to ensure information delivered arrives at an optimal time for encoding by the receiver.
Current approaches to analysing EEG hyperscanning data in the developmental literature typically consider interpersonal entrainment between interacting physiological systems as a time-invariant ...property. This approach obscures crucial information about how entrainment between interacting systems is established and maintained over time. Here, we describe methods, and present computational algorithms, that will allow researchers to address this gap in the literature. We focus on how two different approaches to measuring entrainment, namely concurrent (e.g., power correlations, phase locking) and sequential (e.g., Granger causality) measures, can be applied to three aspects of the brain signal: amplitude, power, and phase. We guide the reader through worked examples using simulated data on how to leverage these methods to measure changes in interbrain entrainment. For each, we aim to provide a detailed explanation of the interpretation and application of these analyses when studying neural entrainment during early social interactions.
Automated systems for identifying and removing non-neural ICA components are growing in popularity among EEG researchers of adult populations. Infant EEG data differs in many ways from adult EEG ...data, but there exists almost no specific system for automated classification of source components from paediatric populations. Here, we adapt one of the most popular systems for adult ICA component classification for use with infant EEG data. Our adapted classifier significantly outperformed the original adult classifier on samples of naturalistic free play EEG data recorded from 10 to 12-month-old infants, achieving agreement rates with the manual classification of over 75% across two validation studies (n = 44, n = 25). Additionally, we examined both classifiers’ ability to remove stereotyped ocular artifact from a basic visual processing ERP dataset compared to manual ICA data cleaning. Here, the new classifier performed on level with expert manual cleaning and was again significantly better than the adult classifier at removing artifact whilst retaining a greater amount of genuine neural signal operationalised through comparing ERP activations in time and space. Our new system (iMARA) offers developmental EEG researchers a flexible tool for automatic identification and removal of artifactual ICA components.
•Currently, few tools are available for ICA based data correction that are designed around infant EEG.•ICA correction is necessary for naturalistic paradigms when movement artifacts covary with cognitive processes.•We present a system for automated ICA classification designed around infant EEG data.•This system offers increased performance compared to systems of automatic ICA classification designed around adult EEG.
Nearly concentric optical cavities can be used to prepare optical fields with a very small mode volume. We implement an anaclastic design of such a cavity that significantly simplifies mode matching ...to the fundamental cavity mode. The cavity is shown to have diffraction-limited performance for a mode volume of . This is in sharp contrast with the behavior of cavities with plano-concave mirrors, where aberrations significantly decrease the coupling of the input mode to the fundamental mode of the cavity and increase the coupling to the higher-order modes. We estimate the related cavity quantum electrodynamics parameters and show that the proposed cavity design allows for strong coupling without a need for high finesse or small physical-cavity volume.
Two methods of calculating vancomycin clearance were compared to determine the best body weight measure to use when dosing vancomycin for overweight and obese patients.
Hospitalized veterans weighing ...more than 120% of their ideal body weight (IBW) with serum vancomycin concentrations (SVCs) drawn between January 1, 2003, and June 30, 2005, were eligible for study inclusion. Exclusion criteria included weight of more than 300% the IBW, unstable renal function, dialysis, uncertain vancomycin dosing or sampling times, and distribution-phase sampling. Data from January 1 through December 31, 2003 (phase 1) determined the best-fit weight for vancomycin clearance for the Leonard and Boro method. The bias and precision of the modified Leonard and Boro method using the best-fit weight for vancomycin clearance were then compared with those of the Rushing and Ambrose method for predicting SVCs from January 1, 2004, through June 30, 2005 (phase 2).
Forty-eight patients were included in phase 1, with 67 SVCs for analysis. During phase 1, adjusted body weight (ABW), using the Leonard and Boro method, was superior in predicting vancomycin clearance and the resultant SVCs. A total of 96 patients were included in phase 2 of the study, with 160 SVCs for analysis. The modified Leonard and Boro method was significantly more precise than the Rushing and Ambrose method in predicting vancomycin clearance.
Use of ABW proved to be superior compared with total body weight when estimating vancomycin clearance in overweight and obese patients. While there was no difference in bias between methods, the modified Leonard and Boro method was significantly more precise than the Rushing and Ambrose method in predicting SVCs when dosing vancomycin for obese patients.
Thoracic endovascular stent grafting has been increasingly used in patients with type B aortic dissection (TBAD). We describe a patient with worsening abdominal pain and a rapidly enlarging common ...iliac artery aneurysm associated with TBAD. The patient underwent open aortoiliac replacement followed by thoracic stent grafting of the TBAD. Computed tomography imaging indicated positive remodeling of the aortic dissection at 3 years. Open abdominal aortic replacement before thoracic endovascular aortic repair may be a useful strategy in patients with TBAD with negative predictors of aneurysmal degeneration.
Chemical variation is a critical aspect affecting performance among co-occurring plants. High chemical variation in metabolites with direct effects on insect herbivores supports chemical niche ...partitioning, and it can reduce the number of herbivores shared by co-occurring plant species. In contrast, low intraspecific variation in metabolites with indirect effects, such as induced volatile organic compounds (VOCs), may improve the attraction of specialist predators or parasitoids as they show high specificity to insect herbivores. We explored whether induced chemical variation following herbivory by various insect herbivores differs between VOCs vs. secondary non-volatile metabolites (non-VOCs) and salicinoids with direct effects on herbivores in six closely related willow species. Willow species identity explained most variation in VOCs (18.4%), secondary non-VOCs (41.1%) and salicinoids (60.7%). The variation explained by the independent effect of the herbivore treatment was higher in VOCs (2.8%) compared to secondary non-VOCs (0.5%) and salicinoids (0.5%). At the level of individual VOCs, willow species formed groups, as some responded similarly to the same herbivores. Most non-VOCs and salicinoids were upregulated by sap-suckers compared to other herbivore treatments and control across the willow species. In contrast, induced responses in non-VOCs and salicinoids to other herbivores largely differed between the willows. Our results suggest that induced responses broadly differ between various types of chemical defences, with VOCs and non-VOCs showing different levels of specificity and similarity across plant species. This may further contribute to flexible plant responses to herbivory and affect how closely related plants share or partition their chemical niches.
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•Willow species formed groups of VOC response to insect herbivory.•Non-volatile metabolites and salicinoids showed species-specific responses.•Salicinoids exhibited largely uniform responses to damage by the sapsucker Aphrophora salicina across multiple willow species.•Divergent responses in volatile and non-volatile metabolites contribute to flexible responses against herbivory.
Plants employ diverse anti-herbivore defences that can covary to form syndromes consisting of multiple traits. Such syndromes are hypothesized to impact herbivores more than individual defences. We ...studied 16 species of lowland willows occurring in central Europe and explored if their chemical and physical traits form detectable syndromes. We tested for phylogenetic trends in the syndromes and explored whether three herbivore guilds (i.e., generalist leaf-chewers, specialist leaf-chewers, and gallers) are affected more by the detected syndromes or individual traits. The recovered syndromes showed low phylogenetic signal and were mainly defined by investment in concentration, richness, or uniqueness of structurally related phenolic metabolites. Resource acquisition traits or inducible volatile organic compounds exhibited a limited correlation with the syndromes. Individual traits composing the syndromes showed various correlations to the assemblages of herbivores from the three studied guilds. In turn, we found some support for the hypothesis that defence syndromes are composed of traits that provide defence against various herbivores. However, individual traits rather than trait syndromes explained more variation for all studied herbivore assemblages. The detected negative correlations between various phenolics suggest that investment trade-offs may occur primarily among plant metabolites with shared metabolic pathways that may compete for their precursors. Moreover, several traits characterizing the recovered syndromes play additional roles in willows other than defence from herbivory. Taken together, our findings suggest that the detected syndromes did not solely evolve as an anti-herbivore defence.
Fluoroboric acid (HBF4) serve as one of the alternatives for conventional mud acid in the application of sandstone wells stimulation. Various parameters such as formation temperature and acid ...injection velocity would significantly affect the performance of sandstone acidizing and hence determine the success rate of well stimulation. It is therefore undeniable that a deep understanding of the effects of these major parameters are of paramount importance. However, there is a scarcity of data available in the literature regarding the use of HBF4 in sandstone acidizing in comparison to the use of mud acid. In this work, an optimization framework is developed to study the combined effects of formation temperature and acid injection velocity to the change in porosity and pressure drop. Apart from porosity improvement, a pressure drop across the sandstone core would also give an indication to the acidizing performance. The optimization approach is achieved by using design of experiment (DOE) and response surface methodology, coupled with a mechanistic model for sandstone acidizing. The design of experiment used in this work is central composite design (CCD). Meanwhile, the mechanistic model that simulate a flow in porous media is being developed using COMSOL Multi-physics, which is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software that uses finite element method (FEM). In this optimization tool, a range of formation temperature was set between 41°C and 88°C, whereas the range of acid injection velocity was set between 1.79×10−5 m/s to 3.78×10−5 m/s. According to the results, the optimum condition studied was found out to be 88°C and 3.78×10−5 m/s. Under such an operating condition, the favourable maximum porosity enhancement and pressure drop profile were obtained. The maximum porosity and pressure drop were up to 17% and 16.6979 kPa respectively. The porosity enhancement and pressure drop in the sandstone core showed an excellent agreement with the data predicted by the model. In general, this optimization study had proven that response surface methodology (RSM) could be applied to determine the acid performance in sandstone acidizing.
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