Effectiveness The Promotion Cost in Fundrasing the Third Party FundsPromotion is one important variable in marketing mix to promote the services. The promotion activities is not just as the ...communication tools between company and consumers, but also as the tools to influence the purchase behavior from the consumer to but the services that offered by the company. This things has done by the promotion tools. DOI: 10.15408/aiq.v1i2.2461
Environmental damage is a troubling problem for humans. The purpose of this research is to find out the application of the character of caring for school environment, implications of education caring ...for school sustainability, and impact of a clean and green environment. The method used was qualitative. The results of this study indicate that the application of character of caring for the environment at schools receiving the Adiwiyata award in Pemalang Regency, namely greening, agriculture, greenhouses, planting plants for family medicine, school health businesses, composting, recycling, waste banks, canteens, bulletin boards, school cleanliness, enforcement discipline, facilities and infrastructure, documentation. Implications of implementing school care: school curriculum based on the environment, extracurricular activities, and participatory activities, according to the school's vision and mission. The impact of a clean environment: the character of students who are religious, disciplined, responsible, and caring for others, students and teachers comply with school rules, and instil a caring attitude towards the school environment. With an understanding of the Adiwiyata program, it is hoped that it can provide information for schools to improve the quality of education with the methods used in learning activities related to the application of the character of caring for the school environment.
A receptor model of positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify the emission sources of fine and coarse particulates in Bandung, a city located at about 150 km south-east of Jakarta. ...Total of 367 samples were collected at urban mixed site, Tegalega area, in Bandung City during wet and dry season in the period of 2001–2007. The samples of fine and coarse particulate matter were collected simultaneously using dichotomous samplers and mini-volume samplers. The Samples from dichotomous Samplers were analyzed for black carbon and elements while samples from mini-volume samplers were analyzed for ions. The species analyzed in this study were Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cl
−, NO
3
−, SO
4
2−, and NH
4
+. The data were then analyzed using PMF to determine the source factors. Different numbers of source factors were found during dry and wet season. During dry season, the main source factors for fine particles were secondary aerosol (NH
4)
2SO
4, electroplating industry, vehicle emission, and biomass burning, while for coarse particles, the dominant source factors were electroplating industry, followed by aged sea salt, volcanic dust, soil dust, and lime dust. During the wet season, the main source factors for fine particulate matter were vehicle emission and secondary aerosol. Other sources detected were biomass burning, lime dust, soil and volcanic dust. While for coarse particulate matter, the main source factors were sulphate-rich industry, followed by lime dust, soil dust, industrial emission and construction dust.
Indonesia has been experiencing an annually reoccurring forest fire events over the peatlands in eastern Sumatera and western Kalimantan and the impacts on the air pollution episodes in the ...surrounding countries gained international concerns. The most notable events were in 1997 and 2015 which caused significant losses both on human health and economy in the region. Fires in peat layers could spread radially due to peat structure and emitted substantial amount of aerosols containing carbonaceous compounds, including BC/EC and OC. In this study, peat samples from different levels of depth were collected from western part of Kalimantan and were burned in a combustion chamber received from Kyoto University. Particulate (PM2.5) samples from burning experiments were collected and the carbonaceous components (i.e. BC/EC and OC) were also analyzed, respectively. The results showed that average concentration of PM2.5 emitted from the combustion of the surface peat (SF) samples was 7,467 ± 3,976 μg/m³. while the corresponding value for the subsurface (SSF) was 5,693 ± 2,137 μg/m³. In average, EC and OC compositions were 1.9% and 70% to the total of PM2.5 concentrations, respectively. Emission factors (EFs, in g/kg) were estimated for PM2.5, EC, and OC for SF samples of 4.51 ± 0.42, 0.21 ± 0.17, and 3.77 ± 0.82, respectively. The associated EFs for SSF samples were 4.53 ± 1.67, 0.1 ± 0.09, and 1.82 ± 0.43 g/kg, respectively. The results may substantially contribute to fill in the gaps of the availability of EFs for both SF and SFF peat fires in the country to improve the existing PM emission database.
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•Surface and sub surface peat samples were taken from West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia.•Burning simulations of the samples were conducted in a combustion chamber.•Concentrations of PM, BC, EC/OC and carbon fractions were measured.•Effects of peat characteristics on emission were analyzed.•Emission factors of PM and its carbonaceous compounds for surface and sub surface peat combustion were determined.
Background: There has been a decrease in physical activity among female students during the COVID-19 pandemic. This can be a risk factor for obesity in female students. This study was undertaken to ...analyze the relationship between physical activity, chronotype, and nutritional status in female students during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In a cross-sectional stud, 171 female students were enrolled as respondents in Jebres, Surakarta using multistage random sampling and simple random sampling methods. Data were analyzed using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) and Morningness- Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Results: Female students had mostly normal nutritional status, but 26.9% were overweight. There was a relationship between physical activity (p=0.032) and chronotype (p=0.004) with nutritional status among female students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Physical activity and chronotype showed significant relationship with nutritional status among female students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Regional smoke-induced haze in Southeast Asia, caused by uncontrolled forest and peat fires in Indonesia, is of major environmental and health concern. In this study, we estimated carcinogenic and ...non-carcinogenic health risk due to exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) as emitted from peat fires at Kalimantan, Indonesia. For the health risk analysis, chemical speciation (exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable, and residual fractions) of 12 trace metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn) in PM2.5 was studied. Results indicate that Al, Fe and Ti together accounted for a major fraction of total metal concentrations (~83%) in PM2.5 emissions in the immediate vicinity of peat fires. Chemical speciation reveals that a major proportion of most of the metals, with the exception of Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni and Cd, was present in the residual fraction. The exchangeable fraction of metals, which represents their bioavailability, could play a major role in inducing human health effects of PM2.5. This fraction contained carcinogenic metals such as Cd (39.2ngm−3) and Ni (249.3ngm−3) that exceeded their WHO guideline values by several factors. Health risk estimates suggest that exposure to PM2.5 emissions in the vicinity of peat fires poses serious health threats.
Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal. The present of cadmium caused inflammation in liver. This study aims to know the anti inflammatory of Centella asiatica extract on rat induced by cadmium. This ...research was an experimental study using post test only control group design. Twenty four rats divided into six groups with four replications, i.e group of healthy control (C1), negative control induced by CdSO4 with dosage 56 mg/kg for 14 days and treatment (C3-C6) with dosage of 100, 200 ,300 and 400 mg/kg of C. asiatica. The blood Cd, GST, GSH, TNF- α and COx2 were measured after a 21 days administration of C. asiatica. The data were analyzed by ANOVA test followed by Duncan test with a significance level of 5%. The result showed that administrating C.asiatica can neutralized cadmium, improve inflammation in liver.The conclusion of our research that C.asiatica extract can decrease Cd level, TNF-α and COx2 levels and increase GST and GSH level in rat induced by cadmium. A 200 mg/kg was the effective dosage to reduce Cd, TNF-α and COx2 levels and increase GST and GSH levels. Key words : anti inflammatory, Cd, Centella asiatica, GST, COX2
Southeast Asia (SEA) hosts one of the most complex aerosol systems in the world, with convoluted meteorological scales, sharp geographic and socioeconomic features, high biological productivity, ...mixtures of a wide range of atmospheric pollutants, and likely a significant susceptibility to global climate change. This physical complexity of SEA is coupled with one of the world's most challenging environments for both in situ and remote sensing observation. The 7-Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) program was formed to facilitate interdisciplinary research into the integrated SEA aerosol environment via grass roots style collaboration. In support of the early 7SEAS program and the affiliated Southeast Asia Composition, Cloud, Climate Coupling Regional Study (SEAC4RS), this review was created to outline the network of connections linking aerosol particles in SEA with meteorology, climate and the total earth system. In this review, we focus on and repeatedly link back to our primary data source: satellite aerosol remote sensing and associated observability issues. We begin with a brief rationale for the program, outlining key aerosol impacts and, comparing their magnitudes to the relative uncertainty of observations. We then discuss aspects of SEA's physical, socio-economic and biological geography relevant to meteorology and observability issues associated with clouds and precipitation. We show that not only does SEA pose significant observability challenges for aerosol particles, but for clouds and precipitation as well. With the fundamentals of the environment outlined, we explore SEA's most studied aerosol issue: biomass burning. We summarize research on bulk aerosol properties for SEA, including a short synopsis of recent AERONET observations. We describe long range transport patterns. Finally, considerable attention is paid to satellite aerosol observability issues, with a face value comparison of common aerosol products in the region including passive and active aerosol products as well as fluxes. We show that satellite data products diverge greatly due to a host of known artifacts. These artifacts have important implications for how research is conducted, and care must be taken when using satellite products to study aerosol problems. The paper ends with a discussion of how the community can approach this complex and important environment.
► The complex relationships between Southeast Asia’s geographic, meteorological and aerosol systems are reviewed. ► There are few aerosol measurements in Southeast Asia, and those that do exist suggest significant regional variability. ► Southeast Asia hosts one of the world’s most challenging aerosol observing environments. ► Satellite derived products for clouds, precipitation, fire and aerosol diverge significantly in Southeast Asia. ► If used properly, satellite products can provide significant insight into the regional aerosol environment.
Biomass burning is a significant source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Forest, bush, and peat fires in Kalimantan and Sumatra, Indonesia are major sources of transboundary haze pollution in ...Southeast Asia. However, limited data exist regarding the chemical characteristics of aerosols at sources. We conducted intensive field studies in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, during the peatland fire and non-burning seasons in 2012. We characterized PM2.5 carbonaceous aerosols emitted from peatland fire based on ground-based source-dominated sampling. PM2.5 aerosols were collected with two mini-volume samplers using Teflon and quartz fiber filters. Background aerosols were also sampled during the transition period between the non-burning and fire seasons. We analyzed the carbonaceous content (organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) by a thermal optical reflectance utilizing the IMPROVE_A protocol and the major organic components of the aerosols by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PM2.5 aerosols emitted from peatland fire were observed in high concentrations of 7120 ± 3620 μg m−3 and were primarily composed of OC (71.0 ± 5.11% of PM2.5 mass). Levoglucosan exhibited the highest total ion current and was present at concentrations of 464 ± 183 μg m−3. The OC/EC ratios (36.4 ± 9.08), abundances of eight thermally-derived carbon fractions, OC/Levoglucosan ratios (10.6 ± 1.96), and Levoglucosan/Mannosan ratios (10.6 ± 2.03) represent a signature profile that is inherent in peatland fire. These data will be useful in identifying contributions from single or multiple species in atmospheric aerosol samples collected from peatland fires.
•PM2.5 aerosols emitted from peatland fire in Indonesia were characterized.•PM2.5 aerosols emitted from peatland fire were primarily composed of OC.•We found some source indicators that were inherent in peatland fire.
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