Discriminating among tectonic settings by the chemical composition of igneous rocks is a feasible method in geochemistry. In this study, the feasibility of using gabbroic rocks to discriminate among ...tectonic settings is analyzed, and a mathematical model based on Gaussian copula and Bayesian theory is set up to discriminate among three tectonic settings: island arc, ocean island, and mid-oceanic ridge. The derivation of the model includes three steps: (1) determine the probability density functions (PDFs) of the elements in different tectonic settings, (2) determine the joint PDFs of the geochemical components of the rocks from different tectonic settings using copula functions, and (3) determine the tectonic settings of rocks using Bayesian theory. The optimal parameters of the mathematical model are calculated using a genetic algorithm, and finally the definitive form of the model is determined with nine basic elements: TiO2, Al2O3, FeOT, CaO, MnO, K2O, Na2O, Ni, and Sr. An experiment shows that the success rates of the mathematical model on the three tectonic settings are 84.03%, 95.48%, and 91.84%, respectively. The average percent success rate is 92.13%, which is significantly higher than using discrimination diagrams and the naive Bayes algorithm. Such an ideal result indicates that using gabbroic rocks to determine the types of tectonic settings is feasible. Moreover, this study can provide support for the application of machine learning and mathematical methods in the field of geochemistry.
The origin of avian flight is one of the most controversial debates in Paleontology. This paper investigates the wing performance of Caudipteryx, the most basal non-volant dinosaur with pennaceous ...feathered forelimbs by using modal effective mass theory. From a mechanical standpoint, the forced vibrations excited by hindlimb locomotion stimulate the movement of wings, creating a flapping-like motion in response. This shows that the origin of the avian flight stroke should lie in a completely natural process of active locomotion on the ground. In this regard, flapping in the history of evolution of avian flight should have already occurred when the dinosaurs were equipped with pennaceous remiges and rectrices. The forced vibrations provided the initial training for flapping the feathered wings of theropods similar to Caudipteryx.
In this study, the effect of iron-loaded sludge biochar (ISBC) with different amendment dosages (mass ratio of biochar to soil equal to 0, 0.01, 0.025 and 0.05) on the phytoremediation potential of ...Leersia hexandra swartz (L. hexandra) to Cr-contaminated soil was investigated. With increasing ISBC dosage from 0 to 0.05, plant height, aerial tissue biomass and root biomass increased from 15.70 cm, 0.152 g pot−1 and 0.058 g pot−1 to 24.33 cm, 0.304 g pot−1 and 0.125 g pot−1, respectively. Simultaneously, the Cr contents in aerial tissues and roots increased from 1039.68 mg kg−1 to 2427.87 mg kg−1 to 1526.57 mg kg−1 and 3242.62 mg kg−1, respectively. Thus, the corresponding bioenrichment factor (BCF), bioaccumulation factor (BAF), total phytoextraction (TPE) and translocation factor (TF) values were also increased from 10.52, 6.20, 0.158 mg pot−1 (aerial tissue)/0.140 mg pot−1 (roots) and 0.428 to 15.15, 9.42, 0.464 mg pot−1 (aerial tissue)/0.405 mg pot−1 (roots) and 0.471, respectively. The significant positive effect of ISBC amendment was primarily attributed to the following three aspects: 1) the root resistance index (RRI), tolerance index (TI) and growth toxicity index (GTI) of L. hexandra to Cr were increased from 100%, 100% and 0%–216.88%, 155.02% and 42.18%, respectively; 2) the bio-available Cr content in the soil was decreased from 1.89 mg L−1 to 1.48 mg L−1, while the corresponding TU (toxicity units) value was declined from 0.303 to 0.217; 3) the activities of urease, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase in soil were increased from 0.186 mg g−1, 1.40 mg g−1 and 0.156 mg g−1 to 0.242 mg g−1, 1.86 mg g−1 and 0.287 mg g−1, respectively. In summary, ISBC amendment was able to significantly improve the phytoremediation of Cr-contaminated soils by L. hexandra.
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•The ISBC dose had a significant positive effect on growth of L. hexandra (p < 0.01).•ISBC dose favored concentration, translocation and accumulation of Cr in L. hexandra.•Cr tolerance in L. hexandra was significantly enhanced with ISBC dose (p < 0.01).•The bioavailability and toxicity of Cr reduced significantly with ISBC dose (p < 0.01).•N, OMs and P cycling in soils was significantly improved with ISBC dose (p < 0.01).
•We propose a novel nuclear norm-based matrix regression preserving embedding (NN-MRPE) method for dimensionality reduction (DR).•NN-MRPE constructs an intrinsic graph by using the nuclear norm to ...evaluate the residual errors to resist the corruptions.•A matrix based embedding cost function is constructed to seek two robust transformation matrices to map the high-dimensional data into a low-dimensional space with the intrinsic geometrical structure of the original data being preserved.•We summarize a general DR framework called linear regression preserving embedding, which is a regularized extension of LLE.•The experimental results show that the proposed method is more efficient than the other comparison methods, e.g., CRP, SPP, LRPE, 2DPCA, 2DLPP, and 2DSPP.
Recently, using linear reconstruction technique to construct intrinsic graph for projection-based dimensionality reduction (DR) has aroused broad interest in face recognition. However, current methods either lack robustness to corruptions or require to perform vectorization which causes loss of local geometrical information of images. To this end, a novel nuclear norm-based matrix regression preserving embedding (NN-MRPE) method is proposed in this paper. First, NN-MRPE constructs an intrinsic graph by using the nuclear norm to evaluate the residual errors to resist data corruptions. Second, a matrix-based embedding cost function is formulated to seek two transformation matrices which can preserve the geometrical structure reflected by the intrinsic graph exactly. Finally, based on the linear regression theory, we summarize a general DR framework called linear regression preserving embedding that preserves the intrinsic structure of data by recovering the reconstruction relationship in the original space. Specifically, many existing approaches are the special cases of the linear regression preserving embedding. Experiments on five public face databases with different types of corruptions are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed NN-MRPE method.
Singlet oxygen is regarded as the primary cytotoxic agent in cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT). Despite the advances in optical methods to image singlet oxygen, it remains a challenge for in vivo ...application due to the limited tissue penetration depth of light. Up to date, no singlet oxygen-specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe has been reported. Herein, a T
-weighted MRI probe is reported to visually detect singlet oxygen generated in PDT in vitro and in vivo. The MRI probe Ce6/Fe
O
-M is constructed by co-encapsulation of photosensitizer Ce6 and Fe
O
nanoparticles in mPEG
-TK-C
micelles. Thioketal (TK) linker in the probe is highly sensitive to singlet oxygen, but lowly sensitive to other reactive oxygen species (ROS) existing in physiological and pathological environments. Singlet oxygen, generated with light irradiation, triggers the cleavage of TK, which leads to loss of surface polyethylene glycol, increment of the hydrophobicity, and aggregation of Fe
O
nanoparticles. Subsequently, negatively enhanced T
-weighted MRI signal is obtained for visual detection of singlet oxygen in the solution, cancer cells, and in vivo. This oxidation responsive MRI probe is expected to hold great promise in evaluating the ability of photosensitizers to generate singlet oxygen and in predicting the therapeutic efficacies of PDT in vivo.
The combustion behavior of various propellant samples, including double-base propellants, pressed nitramine powders, and modified double-base propellants containing nitramine, was examined using ...OH-PLIF technology. The combustion process took place within a combustion chamber, and images capturing the flame at the moment of stable combustion were selected for further analysis. The distribution and production rate of OH radicals in both the double-base propellant and the nitramine-modified double-base propellant were simulated using Chemkin-17.0 software. The outcomes from both the experimental and simulation studies revealed that the concentration of OH radicals increased with a higher content of NG in the double-base propellant. In the modified double-base propellant containing RDX, the OH radical concentration decreased as the RDX content increased, with these tendencies of change aligning closely with the simulation results.
Introduction
As the long-term prognosis of esophageal cancer (EC) is improving, concerns of a second primary malignancy (SPM) have increased. However, research on lung cancer as the SPM after EC is ...limited. Therefore, we aimed to explore the prognostic factors and clinical treatment decisions of patients with second primary lung cancer following esophageal cancer (SPLC-EC).
Materials and methods
We identified the data of 715 patients with SPLC-EC from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database during 1975 to 2016. We established a nomogram through Cox regression modelling to predict the prognosis of patients with SPLC-EC. We determined the association between factors and cancer-specific mortality using the Fine-Gray competing risk model. Then, we performed survival analysis to evaluate the benefits of different treatment methods for overall survival (OS).
Results
The multivariate analysis indicated that sex, insurance recode, age, surgery and chemotherapy 0for first primary malignancy (FPM), primary site, stage, and surgery for SPM were independent prognostic factors for OS. Using concordance indices for OS, the nomogram of our cohort showed a higher value than the SEER historic-stage nomogram (0.8805 versus 0.7370). The Fine-Gray competing risk model indicated that surgery for FPM and SPM was the independent prognostic factor for EC-specific mortality (P=0.016, hazard ratio HR = 0.532) and LC-specific mortality (p=0.016, HR=0.457), respectively (p<0.001). Compared to the patient group having distant metastasis, patients with localized and regional metastasis benefitted from undergoing surgery for SPM (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively). For patients without surgery for SPM, radiotherapy (P<0.001) and chemotherapy (P<0.001) could improve OS.
Conclusions
Surgery remains the mainstay for managing SPLC-EC, especially for localized and regional tumors. However, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are recommended for patients who cannot undergo surgery. These findings can have implications in the treatment decision-making for patients with SPLC-EC.
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), an immune-mediated disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system, is the most common and severe acute paralytic neuropathy. GBS remains to be potentially ...life-threatening and disabling despite the increasing availability of current standard therapeutic regimens. Therefore, more targeted therapeutics are in urgent need. Macrophages have been implicated in both initiation and resolution of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), the animal model of GBS, but the exact mechanisms remain to be elucidated. It has been increasingly appreciated that exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs), are of importance for functions of macrophages. Nevertheless, the roles of macrophage derived exosomes in EAN/GBS remain unclear. Here we determined the effects of macrophage derived exosomes on the development of EAN in Lewis rats. M1 macrophage derived exosomes (M1 exosomes) were found to aggravate EAN via boosting Th1 and Th17 response, while M2 macrophage derived exosomes (M2 exosomes) showed potentials to mitigate disease severity via a mechanism bypassing Th1 and Th17 response. Besides, both M1 and M2 exosomes increased germinal center reactions in EAN. Further
studies confirmed that M1 exosomes could directly promote IFN-γ production in T cells and M2 exosomes were not capable of inhibiting IFN-γ expression. Thus, our data identify a previously undescribed means that M1 macrophages amplify Th1 response via exosomes and provide novel insights into the crosstalk between macrophages and T cells as well.
Previous research has demonstrated that individuals with a late chronotype tend to engage more frequently in active risk-taking behaviors such as gambling and extreme sports. Here, we hypothesized ...that evening individuals would also show a higher likelihood of engaging in passive risk-taking behaviors due to their limited self-control resources. Across four complementary studies involving multiple populations (students and community adults), various measures of passive risk taking (self-reporting and actual behavioral tasks), and a range of risks (financial, health, and resources domains), we obtained converging evidence supporting our theoretical perspective. In Study 1, we found that evening chronotype was associated with a stronger inclination to engage in passive risky behavior among Chinese university students. Using a more diverse population, Study 2 revealed that evening chronotype was a significant predictor of actual passive risk-taking behavior. Study 3 replicated the findings of Study 2 by using a different behavioral measure of passive risk-taking. Study 4 used a methodology intentionally introduced a high level of risk into the study's design and observed the same relationship. Additionally, we established that this relationship was mediated by self-control capacity. Together, this research enriches our understanding of the influence chronotype can exert on various forms of risky behavior.
•Late chronotype is positively associated with the propensity for passive risk-taking.•We provide behavioral confirmation of the observed relationship.•Self-control mediates the relationship between chronotype and passive risk-taking.•chronotype may impact various forms of risky behavior.
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