At present, non-small cell lung cancer is one of the highest incidence of cancers in the world, and its incidence increased year by year, this situation prompted people to continue to seek a variety ...of treatment in order to extend the survival of patients and improve the quality of life of patients. This review aims to discuss the progress of bevacizumab in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, through the clinical data so far to explore the clinical use of the drug, the choice of patients and the future direction of development.
The recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes and formation of intimal macrophage-rich lesions at specific sites of the arterial tree are key events in atherogenesis. Inducible endothelial cell adhesion ...molecules may participate in this process. In aortas of normal chow-fed wild-type mice and rabbits, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), but not E-selectin, were expressed by endothelial cells in regions predisposed to atherosclerotic lesion formation. En face confocal microscopy of the mouse ascending aorta and proximal arch demonstrated that VCAM-1 expression was increased on the endothelial cell surface in lesion-prone areas. ICAM-1 expression extended into areas protected from lesion formation. Hypercholesterolemia induced atherosclerotic lesion formation in rabbits, LDL receptor and apolipoprotein E knockout mice, and Northern blot analysis demonstrated increased steady-state mRNA levels of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, but not of E-selectin. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were expressed predominantly by endothelium in early lesions and by intimal cells in more advanced lesions. In early and advanced lesions, staining was most intense in endothelial cells at and adjacent to lesion borders. ICAM-1 staining extended into the uninvolved aorta. These expression patterns were highly reproducible in both species. The only difference was that VCAM-1 expression in endothelium over the central portions of lesions was found frequently in rabbits and rarely in mice. The expression of VCAM-1 by arterial endothelium in normal animals may represent a pathogenic mechanism or a phenotypic marker of predisposition to atherogenesis.
Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) infection can cause tumors and immunosuppression. Endogenous viruses integrate into host genomes and can recombine with exogenous avian leukosis virus (ALV). ...In this study, we analyzed the interaction of endogenous retrovirus 21 (
) with the ALV-J in late-feathering Chinese yellow chicken. Two ALV-J strains M180 and K243 were isolated from late-feathering and fast-feathering Chinese yellow chicken flocks, respectively. The
gene of the two strains showed 94.2-94.8% nucleotide identity with reference ALV-J strains. Compared with the
gene and the LTR of
and M180, the nucleotide identity of LTR was 69.7% and
gene was 58.4%, respectively, especially the amino acid identity of
gene as low as 14.2%. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the env gene and the 3'LTR showed that M180 was closely related to ALV-J, and was located in a distinct group with
in the phylogenetic tree. Using co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), we next demonstrate that the envelope protein of
does not interact with the M180 envelope protein. We further show that the envelope protein of
cannot activate ALV-J LTR promoter activity using luciferase-reporter assays. qPCR and western blot analysis revealed that envelope protein of endogenous
can facilitate the expression of
at 6h post ALV-J infection (hpi) and facilitate the expression of
and
at 24 hpi. However, the expression of the
gene of M180 strain was not significantly at 6 and 24 hpi. We conclude that there is no evidence of recombination between endogenous retrovirus ev21 and ALV-J strain M180 in late-feathering Chinese yellow chicken, and envelope protein of ev21 can affect the expression of host ISGs, but appears not to influence the replication of ALV-J strain M180. This is the first report of interaction among the endogenous retrovirus ev21, ALV-J and the late-feathering chicken.
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is initiated and maintained by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that prime alloreactive donor T cells. APCs are therefore attractive targets for GVHD prevention and ...treatment. APCs are diverse in phenotype and function, making understanding how APC subsets contribute to GVHD necessary for the development of APC-targeted therapies. Langerhans cells (LCs) have been shown to be sufficient to initiate skin GVHD in a major histocompatibility complex–mismatched model; however, their role when other host APC subsets are intact is unknown. To address this question, we used mice genetically engineered to be deficient in LCs by virtue of expression of diphtheria toxin A under the control of a BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) transgenic hu-man Langerin locus. Neither CD8- nor CD4-mediated GVHD was diminished in recipients lacking LCs. Similarly, CD8- and CD4-mediated GVHD, including that in the skin, was unaffected if bone marrow came from donors that could not generate LCs, even though donor LCs engrafted in control mice. Engraftment of donor LCs after irradiation in wild-type hosts required donor T cells, with immunofluorescence revealing patches of donor and residual host LCs. Surprisingly, donor LC engraftment in Langerin-diphtheria toxin A (DTA) transgenic hosts was independent of donor T cells, suggesting that a Langerin+ cell regulates repopulation of the LC compartment.
A simple and rapid analytical method for the separation of trace amounts of gallium and germanium from aqueous solution by solid-phase extraction with nano-particles was developed. It was found that ...only Ga(III) could be quantitatively retained on nano-SiO(2) in the pH range of 3-4 and 8-12 while Ge(IV) was not adsorbed, but both Ga(III) and Ge(IV) ions could be adsorbed quantitatively on nano-TiO(2) within the pH range of 4-11. These two ions adsorbed by nano-particles could be desorbed quantitatively. Effects of acidity, concentration of elution solution and interfering ions on the recovery of the analytes were systematically investigated. The sorption data could be well interpreted by the Langmuir model. Based on the Langmuir model equation, the monolayer adsorption capacity of nano-SiO(2)/nano-TiO(2) was calculated to be 4.26 mg g(-1)/19.68 mg g(-1) for Ga(III)/Ge(IV). Moreover, thermodynamic functions, the change of free energy (ΔG(0)), enthalpy (ΔH(0)) and entropy (ΔS(0)) of the adsorption reaction were estimated for each metal ion. Experimental data were also evaluated in terms of kinetic characteristics of adsorption and the adsorption process for both metal ions followed well pseudo-second-order kinetics. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the determination of trace Ga(III) and Ge(IV) in some water samples using loaded nano-particles columns, and it is found that the recoveries of Ga(III) and Ge(IV) were obtained to be in the range of 96.4-105.0%. And the method was validated with certified reference material (GBW07311, GBW 07406) and the values obtained for Ga(III) and Ge(IV) were in good agreement with the certified values.
► Application of heart-cut multi-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ► Method for determination of related-structure impurity in aldrin sample has been developed. ► Separation and ...qualitative analysis could be fulfilled in a simple cycle. ► Accurate quantitative results of trace-level impurities can be easily achieved. ► The method is fit for compounds with medium structural complexity and low polarity.
Identification and quantification of related-structure impurity is a research focus in the purity assessment of organic compounds. Determination of the purity value and uncertainty assessment are also important in the metrological research. A method for the determination of related-structure impurity in pure aldrin sample has been developed by using heart-cut multi-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (MDGC/MS). Compared to the traditional one-dimensional (1-D) GC system, the two separated columns in the MDGC/MS system can effectively reduce co-elution, enhance separation capability, and thus improve detectability of the trace-level impurities. In addition, MDGC/MS system was simultaneously equipped with flame ionization detector (FID) or electron capture detector (ECD) in the first GC unit and mass spectrometry (MS) detector in the second GC unit. Therefore, accurate quantitative results of the trace-level impurities can be easily achieved by isolation of principal component to the second dimension column using “heart-cut” process. The mass fraction of related-structure impurities in aldrin samples obtained using MDGC/MS system ranged from 6.8×10−3mgg−1 to 26.47mgg−1 with five orders of magnitude, which is hard to be realized by mean of the 1-D GC. Excellent linearity with correlation coefficients of above 0.999 was achieved for each impurity analysis over a wide range of concentrations. Limits of quantification (LOQ) varied from 250ngg−1 to 330ngg−1 for FID, and from 1.0ngg−1 to 2.0ngg−1 detected by ECD. The combined standard uncertainty (uc) was lower than 0.37mgg−1 and 0.040mgg−1 detected using FID and ECD, respectively. Therefore, performance characterization of MDGC/MS used in the study is fit for quantification analysis of trace-level impurity. These results demonstrate that the MDGC/MS is extremely suitable for the purity assessment of organic compounds with medium structural complexity and low polarity.
Background
: Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a commonly employed clinical method to screen for fetal aneuploidy, while the Y chromosome-based NIPT method is regarded as the gold standard for ...the estimation of fetal fraction (FF) of male fetuses. However, when the fetus has a derivative Y chromosome thereby containing a partial Y chromosome, the Y chromosome-based NIPT method cannot accurately calculate FF. Therefore, alternative methods to precisely calculate FF are required.
Methods
: Two prenatal cases could not be detected effectively using the Y chromosome-based NIPT method because of low FF. According to the Y chromosome-based method, the FF of the fetuses were 1.730 ± 0.050% (average gestation week: 18
+1
) and 2.307 ± 0.191% (average gestation week: 20
+0
) for cases 1 and 2, respectively. Using various genetic diagnostic techniques, including the BoBs™ assay, karyotype analysis, improved nucleolus-organizing region (NOR)-banding analysis, Affymetrix CytoScan 750K Array, and fluorescence
in situ
hybridization (FISH) analysis, we determined the genetic defects of two fetuses with translocations of the SRY locus. Further, we reassessed the FF using FF-QuantSC and X chromosome-based methods. The distribution diagram of reads for chromosome Y was also analyzed.
Results
: The FF of the fetuses determined by FF-QuantSC were 10.330% (gestation week: 18
+4
) in case 1 and 9.470% (gestation week: 21
+4
) in case 2, while the FF of the fetuses determined using the X chromosome-based method were 8.889% (gestation week: 18
+4
) in case 1 and 2.296% (gestation week: 21
+4
) in case 2. Both the distribution diagrams of reads for chromosome Y of the two cases showed the deletion in the long arm of the Y chromosome.
Conclusion
: For repeatedly low FF samples detected using the Y chromosome-based NIPT method for a long gestational week, we believe that FF-QuantSC and distribution diagrams of reads could be used as a supplement to NIPT, especially for rare cases of sex reversal caused by SRY translocation.
•Review outlined methodologies used for the determination of patulin in apple-based food.•Sample preparation strategies were reviewed.•Significant advancements of chromatography and tandem mass ...spectrometry were summarized.
Patulin is a toxic metabolite of a number of fungi; its toxicity is serious and its contamination in food is a worldwide problem, especially in apple-based food. Effective control of patulin contamination strongly depends on reliable analytical methods. In this review, various analytical methods, especially those that have appeared in the last ten years, are summarized, including the highly reproducible chromatography and mass-spectrometry-based methods, highly selective sensor-based methods and indirect quantitative PCR methods. This review also summarizes the promising features of novel materials in sample preparation for patulin determination.
To reduce the current ripples of finite control set model predictive control, this paper proposes a continuous voltage vector model-free predictive current control method for the surface mounted ...permanent magnet synchronous motor (SMPMSM). In the proposed method, the continuous phase and the amplitude of the voltage vector are optimized in a sequence based on their uncoupling feature, and then the steady-state current fluctuation can be reduced. Only six active voltage vectors are enumerated, and the optimal phase is obtained by establishing the Lagrange interpolation polynomial between the cost function and the phase of voltage vectors. Then, the amplitude of the voltage vector with the optimal phase is optimized based on the principle of minimizing the cost function, and the optimal voltage vector is synthesized by a three-vector method. In addition, the ultra-local model of the SMPMSM drive system from the previous study is used to improve the robustness of the proposed method. The current dynamic and steady-state responses are demonstrated through the simulation and experimental results.
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