Near infrared light photodiodes have been attracting increasing research interest due to their wide application in various fields. In this study, the fabrication of a new n‐type GaAs nanocone ...(GaAsNCs) array/monolayer graphene (MLG) Schottky junction is reported for NIR light detection. The NIR photodetector (NIRPD) shows obvious rectifying behavior with a turn‐on voltage of 0.6 V. Further device analysis reveals that the photovoltaic NIRPDs are highly sensitive to 850 nm light illumination, with a fast response speed and good spectral selectivity at zero bias voltage. It is also revealed that the NIRPD is capable of monitoring high‐switching frequency optical signals (∼2000 Hz) with a high relative balance. Theoretical simulations based on finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis finds that the high device performance is partially associated with the optical property, which can trap most incident photons in an efficient way. It is expected that such a self‐driven NIRPD will have potential application in future optoelectronic devices.
A new Schottky junction near‐infrared light photodetector is fabricated by coating a GaAs nanocone array with a monolayer graphene film, which shows high sensitivity to near‐infrared light irradiation, with good reproducibility, excellent selectivity, and rapid response speed.
Interleukin (IL)‐15 is a recently identified cytokine, which belongs to the interleukin‐2(IL‐2) family, and plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunoreaction. Given the fact that the ...structure of IL‐15 is partially similar to IL‐2, they share some common biological effects, including immunoregulation. IL‐2 was proven to protect cardiac function in mouse myocardial infarction models. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) dominate the cause of mortality worldwide. Besides atherosclerosis, inflammation is also widely involved in the pathogenesis of many CVDs including hypertension, heart failure (HF) and aneurysm. IL‐15, as a pro‐inflammatory cytokine, is up‐regulated in some cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis. The current understanding of IL‐15, including its signal pathway and cellular function, was described. Furthermore, IL‐15 has a protective effect in myocardial infarction and myocarditis by decreasing cardiomyocyte death and improving heart function. The inhibited effect of IL‐15 in ductus arteriosus (DA) should be focused on. IL‐15 promoted atherogenesis. IL‐15 may be a good target in treatment of cardiovascular diabetology. Finally, future research direction of IL‐15 deserves attention. Since IL‐15 plays several roles in CVDs, understanding the role of the IL‐15/IL‐15R system may provide a scientific basis for the development of new approaches that use IL‐15 for the treatment of CVDs.
Bridge stay cables are susceptible to fatigue damage caused by cyclic traffic loads. However, the effects of road roughness on fatigue assessment are often ignored, even though it is an essential ...factor that amplifies the response in vehicle–bridge interaction (VBI) systems. To address this gap, this study proposes a framework for cable fatigue assessment considering road roughness. The framework includes the VBI analysis method accounting for road roughness, the generation of random traffic flow, and the evaluation of cable fatigue. A case study based on a typical cable-stayed bridge is conducted. The results show that the proposed framework can effectively and feasibly evaluate cable fatigue. It is found that a poor road surface can reduce the fatigue life of cables, causing up to 4.47 times more damage compared to smooth road conditions. The decline of cable fatigue life caused by road roughness is primarily concentrated on the cables around the main towers, while the other cables are less affected by road roughness. Based on the measured traffic volume under poor road surface conditions, the estimated minimum fatigue life of the cable is 64 years. Moreover, the study indicates that cable fatigue damage rises with increasing traffic volume. These findings highlight the importance of considering road roughness and maintaining bridge decks to prevent the reduction of cable fatigue life.
•It presents a framework for evaluating the fatigue life of bridge stay cables considering road roughness.•The poor road surface will reduce the fatigue life of bridge stay cables.•The fatigue life of cables near the main tower is more susceptible to road roughness.
Abstract
Auxin/indole‐3‐acetic acid (AUX/IAA) and auxin response factor (ARF) proteins are important components of the auxin signalling pathway, but their ubiquitination modification and the ...mechanism of auxin‐mediated anthocyanin biosynthesis remain elusive. Here, the ARF MdARF5‐1 was identified as a negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple, and it integrates auxin and ethylene signals by inhibiting the expression of the ethylene response factor
MdERF3
. The auxin repressor MdIAA29 decreased the inhibitory effect of MdARF5‐1 on anthocyanin biosynthesis by attenuating the transcriptional inhibition of
MdERF3
by MdARF5‐1. In addition, the E3 ubiquitin ligases MdSINA4 and MdSINA11 played negative and positive regulatory roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis by targeting MdIAA29 and MdARF5‐1 for ubiquitination degradation, respectively. MdSINA4 destabilized MdSINA11 to regulate anthocyanin accumulation in response to auxin signalling. In sum, our data revealed the crosstalk between auxin and ethylene signals mediated by the IAA29‐ARF5‐1‐
ERF3
module and provide new insights into the ubiquitination modification of the auxin signalling pathway.
Summary statement
The IAA29‐ARF5‐1 module regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis by mediating
ERF3
transcription and is dynamically regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligases SINA4 and SINA11 in response to auxin signalling.
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To date, more than fifty articles have been published on the feasibility studies of zinc and its alloys as biodegradable metals. These preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies showed ...acceptable biodegradability and reasonable biocompatibility in bone and blood microenvironments for the experimental Zn-based biodegradable metals and, for some alloy systems, superior mechanical performance over Mg-based biodegradable metals. For instance, the Zn-Li alloys exhibited higher UTS (UTS), and the Zn-Mn alloys exhibited higher elongation (more than 100%). On the one hand, similar to Mg-based biodegradable metals, insufficient strength and ductility, as well as relatively low fatigue strength, may lead to premature failure of medical devices. On the other hand, owing to the low melting point of the element Zn, several new uncertainties with regard to the mechanical properties of biomedical zinc alloys, including low creep resistance, high susceptibility to natural aging, and static recrystallization (SRX), may lead to device failure during storage at room temperature and usage at body temperature. This paper comprehensively reviews studies on these mechanical aspects of industrial Zn and Zn alloys in the last century and biomedical Zn and Zn alloys in this century. The challenges for the future design of biomedical zinc alloys as biodegradable metals to guarantee 100% mechanical compatibility are pointed out, and this will guide the mechanical property design of Zn-based biodegradable metals.
Previous studies on mechanical properties of industrial Zn and Zn alloys in the last century and biomedical Zn and Zn alloys in this century are comprehensively reviewed herein. The challenges for the future design of zinc-based biodegradable materials considering mechanical compatibility are pointed out. Common considerations such as strength, ductility, and fatigue behaviors are covered together with special attention on several new uncertainties including low creep resistance, high susceptibility to natural aging, and static recrystallization (SRX). These new uncertainties, which are not significantly observed in Mg-based and Fe-based materials, are largely due to the low melting point of the element Zn and may lead to device failure during storage at room temperature and clinical usage at body temperature. Future studies are urgently needed on these topics.
SUMMARY
Jasmonic acid (JA) induces chlorophyll degradation and leaf senescence. B‐box (BBX) proteins play important roles in the modulation of leaf senescence, but the molecular mechanism of BBX ...protein‐mediated leaf senescence remains to be further studied. Here, we identified the BBX protein MdBBX37 as a positive regulator of JA‐induced leaf senescence in Malus domestica (apple). Further studies showed that MdBBX37 interacted with the senescence regulatory protein MdbHLH93 to enhance its transcriptional activation on the senescence‐associated gene MdSAG18, thereby promoting leaf senescence. Moreover, the JA signaling repressor MdJAZ2 interacted with MdBBX37 and interfered with the interaction between MdBBX37 and MdbHLH93, thereby negatively mediating MdBBX37‐promoted leaf senescence. In addition, the E3 ubiquitin ligase MdSINA3 delayed MdBBX37‐promoted leaf senescence through targeting MdBBX37 for degradation. The MdJAZ2‐MdBBX37‐MdbHLH93‐MdSAG18 and MdSINA3‐MdBBX37 modules realized the precise modulation of JA on leaf senescence. In parallel, our data demonstrate that MdBBX37 was involved in abscisic acid (ABA)‐ and ethylene‐mediated leaf senescence through interacting with the ABA signaling regulatory protein MdABI5 and ethylene signaling regulatory protein MdEIL1, respectively. Taken together, our results not only reveal the role of MdBBX37 as an integration node in JA‐, ABA‐ and ethylene‐mediated leaf senescence, but also provide new insights into the post‐translational modification of BBX proteins.
Significance Statement
BBX37 interacted with the senescence regulatory protein bHLH93 to enhance its transcriptional activation on the senescence‐associated gene SAG18, thereby promoting leaf senescence. JAZ2 interacted with BBX37 and interfered with the interaction between BBX37 and bHLH93, thereby negatively mediating BBX37‐promoted leaf senescence. SINA3 delayed the BBX37‐promoted leaf senescence through targeting BBX37 for ubiquitination and degradation.
This study focuses on the exponential stabilisation problem for a general class of memristive neural networks subjected to both stochastic disturbance and time-varying delays under periodically ...intermittent adaptive control. The stochastic disturbances are described as Brownian motions in the considered networks. An adaptive updated rule and a periodically intermittent adaptive control strategy are designed for the exponential stabilisation of memristive neural networks subjected to both stochastic disturbance and time-varying delays. Then, by adopting the adaptive control technique, differential inclusion theory and set-valued maps, and by building a new Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, many novel sufficient conditions are proposed to guarantee exponential stabilisation for stochastic memristive neural networks. Different from existing results on stabilisation of stochastic memristive neural networks, the obtained criteria in this study are directly derived according to the parameters of networks. Finally, an example is carried out to demonstrate the validity of the theoretic results.
Summary
Although DELLA protein destabilization mediated by post‐translational modifications is essential for gibberellin (GA) signal transduction and GA‐regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis, the ...related mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we report the ubiquitination and phosphorylation of an apple DELLA protein MdRGL2a in response to GA signaling and its regulatory role in anthocyanin biosynthesis.
MdRGL2a could interact with MdWRKY75 to enhance the MdWRKY75‐activated transcription of anthocyanin activator MdMYB1 and interfere with the interaction between anthocyanin repressor MdMYB308 and MdbHLH3 or MdbHLH33, thereby promoting anthocyanin accumulation.
A protein kinase MdCIPK20 was found to phosphorylate and protect MdRGL2a from degradation, and it was essential for MdRGL2a‐promoting anthocyanin accumulation. However, MdRGL2a and MdCIPK20 were ubiquitinated and degraded by E3 ubiquitin ligases MdSINA1 and MdSINA2, respectively, both of which were activated in the presence of GA.
Our results display the integration of SINA1/2 with CIPK20 to dynamically regulate GA signaling and will be helpful toward understanding the mechanism of GA signal transduction and GA‐inhibited anthocyanin biosynthesis. The discovery of extensive interactions between DELLA and SINA and CIPK proteins in apple will provide reference for the study of ubiquitination and phosphorylation of DELLA proteins in other species.
To systematically review the epidemiologic relationship between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Four electronic databases were searched up until December 2018. The manual search ...included the reference lists of the included studies and relevant journals. Observational studies evaluating the relationship between T2DM and periodontitis were included. Meta-analyses were conducted using STATA.
A total of 53 observational studies were included. The Adjusted T2DM prevalence was significantly higher in periodontitis patients (OR = 4.04, p = 0.000), and vice versa (OR = 1.58, p = 0.000). T2DM patients had significantly worse periodontal status, as reflected in a 0.61 mm deeper periodontal pocket, a 0.89 mm higher attachment loss and approximately 2 more lost teeth (all p = 0.000), than those without T2DM. The results of the cohort studies found that T2DM could elevate the risk of developing periodontitis by 34% (p = 0.002). The glycemic control of T2DM patients might result in different periodontitis outcomes. Severe periodontitis increased the incidence of T2DM by 53% (p = 0.000), and this result was stable. In contrast, the impact of mild periodontitis on T2DM incidence (RR = 1.28, p = 0.007) was less robust.
There is an evident bidirectional relationship between T2DM and periodontitis. Further well-designed cohort studies are needed to confirm this finding. Our results suggest that both dentists and physicians need to be aware of the strong connection between periodontitis and T2DM. Controlling these two diseases might help prevent each other's incidence.
Long persistent luminescence (LPL) can store light energy in excited states and gradually release it as light. Organic host–guest systems provide a good platform for LPL, and single‐color LPL is ...often achieved while multicolor LPL is challengeable. Here host–guest supramolecular complexes are presented with dual LPL emissions: thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) (≥100 ms) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP). A space charge transfer from α‐cyclodextrin to diphenylacetylene (DPA) with long‐range transportation (2.32 mm) carrier along DPA strand in the supramolecular complexes is attributed to generate the TADF and RTP. Fortunately, these supramolecular complexes are readily fabricated from α‐cyclodextrin and DPA or DPA derivatives. The gradient color is observed after removing UV excitation. Furthermore, the hydrophobic property inside α‐cyclodextrin makes the LPL appear by water shedding and disappear by organic solvent infiltration, showing the character of a “switch.” This host–guest space charge transfer strategy paves a way to design LPL materials.
This study reveals host–guest supramolecular complexes with dual long persistent luminescence (LPL) emissions: thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) (≥100 ms) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP). A space charge transfer from α‐cyclodextrin to diphenylacetylene (DPA) with long‐range transportation carrier along DPA strand in the supramolecular complexes is attributed to generate the ultralong TADF and RTP.
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