A hypersensitivity reaction is associated with abacavir in approximately 2-8% of exposed patients. The frequency of the HLA-B*5701 allele varies across racial groups and significantly correlates with ...risk of hypersensitivity. Studies in Europe and Western Australia demonstrated that prospective screening can significantly reduce the rate of hypersensitivity by avoiding the use of abacavir in patients carrying the HLA-B*5701 allele. Prospective HLA-B*5701 screening in a large, racially diverse North American population resulted in less than 1% of individuals diagnosed with a suspected abacavir hypersensitivity reaction (ABC HSR) and no positive skin patch test through 30 weeks among HLA-B*5701-negative individuals.
Hyperspectral image (HSI) classification is an active research topic in remote sensing. Supervised learning-based methods have been widely used in HSI classification tasks due to their powerful ...feature extraction capabilities for cases of sufficiently labeled samples. However, practical applications often have limited samples with accurate labels due to the high cost of labeling or unreliable visual interpretation. We introduce a contrastive self-supervised learning (SSL) algorithm to achieve HSI classification for problems with few labeled samples. First, a new HSI-specific augmentation module is developed to generate sample pairs. Then, a contrastive SSL model based on Siamese networks is used to extract features from these easily accessible sample pairs. Finally, the labeled samples are taken to fine-tune the parameters of the classification model to boost classification performance. Tests of the contrastive self-supervised algorithm have been performed on two widely used HSI datasets. The experimental results reveal that the proposed algorithm requires a few labeled samples to achieve superior performance.
BackgroundAntiretroviral combinations that reduce the number of pills and dosing frequency have the potential to simplify therapy. We compared 2 regimens dosed as 2 pills once daily MethodsThis was a ...randomized, open-label, multicenter study of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus efavirenz, both administered once daily with the abacavir/lamivudine fixed-dose combination in treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)–infected subjects. After reports of early nonresponse, an unplanned interim analysis was performed. Virologic nonresponse was defined as (1) a <2.0-log10 copies/mL decrease in HIV-1 RNA level by week 8, (2) an HIV-1 RNA rebound of ⩾1.0 log10 copies/mL above the nadir, or (3) for subjects with 2 consecutive HIV-1 RNA measurements <50 copies/mL, a subsequent increase to >400 copies/mL on 2 consecutive occasions ResultsWe randomized 340 subjects. Median baseline HIV-1 RNA level and CD4+ cell count were 4.7 log10 copies/mL and 251 cells/mm3, respectively; 194 subjects with HIV-1 RNA data from ⩾8 weeks were included in the interim analysis. Virologic nonresponse occurred in 50 (49%) of 102 subjects in the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate arm, compared with 5 (5%) of 92 of subjects in the efavirenz arm (P<.001). Within 12 weeks, viral genotypes for nonresponders in the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate arm showed M184V or I/M/V mixtures in 40 (98%) of 41 subjects and K65R and M184V or mixtures in 22 (54%) of 41 subjects. The protocol was immediately amended to modify the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate arm. The efavirenz arm continued unchanged; after 48 weeks, 120 (71%) of 169 subjects achieved HIV-1 RNA levels <50 copies/mL ConclusionThe tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/abacavir/lamivudine regimen resulted in an unexpected and unacceptably high rate of nonresponse and incidence of K65R and M184V/I. This 3-drug regimen should not be used
To compare alternative class-sparing antiretroviral regimens in treatment-naive subjects.
Open-label, multicenter, randomized trial of up to 3 consecutive treatment regimens over 96 weeks.
Two ...hundred ninety-one subjects received abacavir (ABC) and lamivudine and efavirenz (nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors NNRTIs), ritonavir-boosted amprenavir (protease inhibitor PI), or stavudine (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor NRTI) by random assignment. The primary end points were the percentages of subjects with plasma HIV-1 RNA levels <400 copies/mL and time to treatment failure over 96 weeks.
Ninety percent of subjects completed 96 weeks of follow-up, and 79% remained on study treatment. At week 96, there were no differences between arms in the percentages of subjects with plasma HIV-1 RNA levels <400 and <50 copies/mL, mean changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, time to treatment failure, time to first or second virologic failure, or CD4 cell counts. The NNRTI arm had a greater percentages of subjects with RNA levels <or=50 copies/mL at weeks 24 and 48 and a greater overall duration of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels <400 copies/mL. Three subjects in the NNRTI arm had treatment failure on their first regimen and switched therapy compared with 16 in the NRTI arm and 13 in the PI arm. Twenty-one subjects had hypersensitivity reactions attributed to ABC (7.3%). Fewer drugs were used by subjects in the NNRTI arm, and fewer subjects in the NNRTI arm used 3 drug classes.
All treatment regimens demonstrated excellent 96-week results. Secondary analyses favored the NNRTI regimen over the PI and NRTI regimens.
Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been widely used for hyperspectral image (HSI) classification. However, the superior performance of DNNs requires accurately labeled samples. In various applications, ...label noise in large-scale HSI data is often unavoidable and adversely affects the performance of a classifier. Therefore, establishing a robust classification model from an existing DNN classifier for the HSI dataset with label noise is a significant and challenging problem. In this report, we propose a meta-learning reweighting framework based on a joint positive and negative learning (JPNL) method which can adaptively reweight labeled samples to improve the robustness of the classification model. Experimental results on two commonly used hyperspectral imaging (HSI) datasets contaminated with label noise demonstrate significant improvements in classification performance and robustness achieved by the proposed framework, as compared to existing classifiers.
•Aiming at the classification of hyperspectral images with noise labels.•Focus on the enhancing the classification accuracy of meta-weight-net methods.•A joint algorithm combined by positive and negative reweighting learning is proposed.•The method makes full use of sample information without manually marking outliers.•Experimental results show that the algorithm significantly enhance the robustness.
Once-daily (QD) ritonavir 100 mg-boosted fosamprenavir 1400 mg (FPV/r100) or atazanavir 300 mg (ATV/r100), plus tenofovir/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) 300 mg/200 mg, have not been compared as initial ...antiretroviral treatment. To address this data gap, we conducted an open-label, multicenter 48-week study (ALERT) in 106 antiretroviral-naïve, HIV-infected patients (median HIV-1 RNA 4.9 log10 copies/mL; CD4+ count 191 cells/mm3) randomly assigned to the FPV/r100 or ATV/r100 regimens.
At baseline, the FPV/r100 or ATV/r100 arms were well-matched for HIV-1 RNA (median, 4.9 log10 copies/mL both), CD4+ count (mean, 176 vs 205 cells/mm3). At week 48, intent-to-treat: missing/discontinuation = failure analysis showed similar responses to FPV/r100 and ATV/r100 (HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL: 75% (40/53) vs 83% (44/53), p = 0.34 Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test); mean CD4+ count change-from-baseline: +170 vs +183 cells/mm3, p = 0.398 Wilcoxon rank sum test). Fasting total/LDL/HDL-cholesterol changes-from-baseline were also similar, although week 48 median fasting triglycerides were higher with FPV/r100 (150 vs 131 mg/dL). FPV/r100-treated patients experienced fewer treatment-related grade 2-4 adverse events (15% vs 57%), with differences driven by ATV-related hyperbilirubinemia. Three patients discontinued TDF/FTC because their GFR decreased to <50 mL/min.
The all-QD regimens of FPV/r100 and ATV/r100, plus TDF/FTC, provided similar virologic, CD4+ response, and fasting total/LDL/HDL-cholesterol changes through 48 weeks. Fewer FPV/r100-treated patients experienced treatment-related grade 2-4 adverse events.
Hyperspectral image (HSI) classification methods often follow an approach of patch-based learning framework. Recently, an image-based global deep learning framework has gained increasing attention ...for HSI classification tasks due to faster inference speed. However, such a framework exhibits deteriorated performance in modeling features on the region level while balancing local spatial structure information. In this letter, we propose a global learning method that includes graph-guided transformer (G2T) as the core tool. First, we extract pixel level features by convolution block and obtain an undirected graph by segmentation on superpixel scales for an input HSI. Then, to model global and local correlations among nodes of superpixels, a mechanism of graph-guided self-attention (G2SA) is developed and implemented. Finally, pixel level features integrated with superpixel features at regional level are used to generate classification results for the HSI. Experimental results demonstrate that the method of G2T outperforms state-of-the-art methods in classification accuracy and inference speed, in particular in the case of limited labeled sample. The source code for this work will be available at https://github.com/zhaolin6/G2T .
A plasmonic fiber-tip based on the metallic metasurface and the multimode fiber (MMF) alleviates the limitation of the inevitable large sensing size caused by fiber side wall functionalization. ...Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) based on metasurface on the fiber-tip provides a promising way to manipulate and interrogate the transmitted and reflection light in sub-wavelength range. Combining the advantages of plasmonic fiber-tip and magnetic fluid, a compact magnetic field fiber-optic sensor is proposed and verified by experiments. The developed fiber-optic magnetic field sensor has linear response and high magnetic strength sensitivity of 0.532 nm/mT over a range of 0-20 mT. In addition, the results also prove the feasibility of pseudo-vector magnetic field sensing.
The ESS40013 study tested 4-drug induction followed by 3-drug maintenance as initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) to reduce HIV RNA rapidly and then to simplify to an effective yet more convenient ...and tolerable regimen.
Four hundred forty-eight antiretroviral-naive adults were treated with abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine (ABC/3TC/ZDV) and efavirenz (EFV) for the 48-week induction phase. Two hundred eighty-two patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to continue ABC/3TC/ZDV+EFV or to simplify to ABC/3TC/ZDV for the 48-week maintenance phase.
The baseline median HIV RNA level and CD4 cell count were 5.08 log10 copies/mL (56%>or=100,000 copies/mL) and 210 cells/mm (48% <200 cells/mm), respectively. No significant differences were noted between ABC/3TC/ZDV+EFV and ABC/3TC/ZDV for an HIV RNA level <50 copies/mL (79% vs. 77% intent to treat (ITT), missing=failure; P=0.697) or time to treatment failure (P=0.75) at week 96. Drug-related adverse events were more commonly reported for ABC/3TC/ZDV+EFV than for ABC/3TC/ZDV (15% vs. 6%). Improvements in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were observed in the ABC/3TC/ZDV group. Virologic failure occurred in 22 patients during induction and in 24 patients (16 in ABC/3TC/ZDV group and 8 in ABC/3TC/ZDV+EFV group; P=0.134) during maintenance. A greater proportion of patients receiving ABC/3TC/ZDV than ABC/3TC/ZDV+EFV reported perfect adherence at week 96 (88.8% vs. 79.6%; P=0.057).
After induction with ABC/3TC/ZDV+EFV, simplification to ABC/3TC/ZDV alone maintained virologic control and immunologic response, reduced fasting lipids and ART-associated adverse events, and improved adherence.
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