The exponential increase in research focused on two‐dimensional (2D) metal oxides has offered an unprecedented opportunity for their use in energy conversion and storage devices, especially for ...promising next‐generation rechargeable batteries, such as lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs), as well as some post‐lithium batteries, including lithium–sulfur batteries, lithium–air batteries, etc. The introduction of well‐designed 2D metal oxide nanomaterials into next‐generation rechargeable batteries has significantly enhanced the performance of these energy‐storage devices by providing higher chemically active interfaces, shortened ion‐diffusion lengths, and improved in‐plane carrier‐/charge‐transport kinetics, which have greatly promoted the development of nanotechnology and the practical application of rechargeable batteries. Here, the recent progress in the application of 2D metal oxide nanomaterials in a series of rechargeable LIBs, NIBs, and other post lithium‐ion batteries is reviewed relatively comprehensively. Current opportunities and future challenges for the application of 2D nanomaterials in energy‐storage devices to achieve high energy density, high power density, stable cyclability, etc. are summarized and outlined. It is believed that the integration of 2D metal oxide nanomaterials in these clean energy devices offers great opportunities to address challenges driven by increasing global energy demands.
Two‐dimensional (2D) metal oxides synthesized via both top‐down and bottom‐up routes, as electrode materials for promising next‐generation rechargeable batteries, including lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs), as well as some post‐lithium batteries such as lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries and lithium–air (Li–air) batteries, are highlighted, and the pros and cons of this family of materials are discussed.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with serious clinical manifestations, including myocardial hibernation, acute heart failure, cerebral dysfunction, gastrointestinal dysfunction, systemic ...inflammatory response syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a critical medical condition that poses an important therapeutic challenge for physicians. In this review article, we present recent advances focusing on the basic pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury, especially the involvement of reactive oxygen species and cell death pathways. The involvement of the NADPH oxidase system, nitric oxide synthase system, and xanthine oxidase system are also described. When the blood supply is re-established after prolonged ischemia, local inflammation and ROS production increase, leading to secondary injury. Cell damage induced by prolonged ischemia-reperfusion injury may lead to apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and necroptosis. We highlight the latest mechanistic insights into reperfusion-injury-induced cell death via these different processes. The interlinked signaling pathways of cell death could offer new targets for therapeutic approaches. Treatment approaches for ischemia-reperfusion injury are also reviewed. We believe that understanding the pathophysiology ischemia-reperfusion injury will enable the development of novel treatment interventions.
As a typical class of single‐atom catalysts (SACs) possessing prominent advantages of high reactivity, high selectivity, high stability, and maximized atomic utilization, emerging ...metal‐nitrogen‐doped carbon (M‐N‐C) materials, wherein dispersive metal atoms are coordinated to nitrogen atoms doped in carbon nanomaterials, have presented a high promise to replace the conventional metal or metal oxides‐based catalysts. In this work, recent progress in M‐N‐C‐based materials achieved in both theoretical and experimental investigations is summarized and general principles for novel catalysts design from electronic structure modulating are provided. Firstly, the applications and mechanisms on the advantages and challenges of M‐N‐C‐based materials for a variety of sustainable fuel generation and bioinspired reactions, including the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR), nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), and nanozyme reactions are reviewed. Then, strategies toward enhancing the catalytic performance by engineering the nature of metal ion centers, coordinative environment of active centers, carbon support, and their synergistic cooperation, are proposed. Finally, prospects for the rational design of next generation high‐performance M‐N‐C‐based catalysts are outlined. It is expected that this work will provide insights into high‐performance catalysts innovation for sustainable and environmental technologies.
The rational design of metal‐nitrogen‐doped carbon (M‐N‐C) materials is at the cutting‐edge of materials research. Herein, the recent progress of M‐N‐C in sustainable fuel generation and biological applications is reviewed. General principles toward designing high‐performance M‐N‐C based nanocatalysts by engineering the nature of metal ion centers, the coordinative environment of active centers, the carbon support, and beyond are outlined.
Optical interactions are governed by both spin and angular momentum conservation laws, which serve as a tool for controlling light-matter interactions or elucidating electron dynamics and structure ...of complex systems. Here, we uncover a form of simultaneous spin and orbital angular momentum conservation and show, theoretically and experimentally, that this phenomenon allows for unprecedented control over the divergence and polarization of extreme-ultraviolet vortex beams. High harmonics with spin and orbital angular momenta are produced, opening a novel regime of angular momentum conservation that allows for manipulation of the polarization of attosecond pulses-from linear to circular-and for the generation of circularly polarized vortices with tailored orbital angular momentum, including harmonic vortices with the same topological charge as the driving laser beam. Our work paves the way to ultrafast studies of chiral systems using high-harmonic beams with designer spin and orbital angular momentum.
Activated macrophages switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, similar to the Warburg effect, presenting a potential therapeutic target in inflammatory disease. The endogenous ...metabolite itaconate has been reported to regulate macrophage function, but its precise mechanism is not clear. Here, we show that 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI, a cell-permeable itaconate derivative) directly alkylates cysteine residue 22 on the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH and decreases its enzyme activity. Glycolytic flux analysis by U
C glucose tracing provides evidence that 4-OI blocks glycolytic flux at GAPDH. 4-OI thereby downregulates aerobic glycolysis in activated macrophages, which is required for its anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-inflammatory effects of 4-OI are replicated by heptelidic acid, 2-DG and reversed by increasing wild-type (but not C22A mutant) GAPDH expression. 4-OI protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced lethality in vivo and inhibits cytokine release. These findings show that 4-OI has anti-inflammatory effects by targeting GAPDH to decrease aerobic glycolysis in macrophages.
Light fields carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) provide powerful capabilities for applications in optical communications, microscopy, quantum optics, and microparticle manipulation. We introduce ...a property of light beams, manifested as a temporal OAM variation along a pulse: the self-torque of light. Although self-torque is found in diverse physical systems (i.e., electrodynamics and general relativity), it was not realized that light could possess such a property. We demonstrate that extreme-ultraviolet self-torqued beams arise in high-harmonic generation driven by time-delayed pulses with different OAM. We monitor the self-torque of extreme-ultraviolet beams through their azimuthal frequency chirp. This class of dynamic-OAM beams provides the ability for controlling magnetic, topological, and quantum excitations and for manipulating molecules and nanostructures on their natural time and length scales.
ABSTRACT
In Arabidopsis, there are four homologs of class A1 heat shock factor (HSFA1) genes, which likely encode the master regulators of heat shock response (HSR). However, previous studies with ...double knockout (KO) mutants were unable to confirm this point probably due to functional redundancy. Here, we generated a quadruple KO (QK) and four triple KO mutants to dissect their functions. Our data show that members of the HSFA1 group not only play a pivotal role in HSR but also are involved in growth and development. Alterations in morphology and retardation in growth were observed in the quadruple but not in triple KO mutants. The basal and acquired thermotolerance capacity was dramatically decreased in the QK mutant but varied in triple KO mutants at different developmental stages. The transcriptomics profiles suggested that more than 65% of the heat stress (HS)‐up‐regulated genes were HSFA1 dependent. HSFA1s were also involved in the expression of several HS genes induced by H2O2, salt and mannitol, which is consistent with the increased sensitive phenotype of the QK mutant to the stress factors. In conclusion, the Arabidopsis HSFA1s function as the master regulators of HSR and participate as important components in other abiotic stress responses as well.
The increasing demand for constructing ecological civilization and promoting socially sustainable development has encouraged scientists to develop bioinspired materials with required properties and ...functions. By bringing science and nature together, plenty of novel materials with extraordinary properties can be created by learning the best from natural species. In combination with the exceptional features of 2D nanomaterials, bioinspired 2D nanomaterials and technologies have delivered significant achievements. Here, the progress over the past decade in bioinspired 2D photonic structures, energy nanomaterials, and superwetting materials, is summarized, together with the challenges and opportunities in developing bioinspired materials for sustainable energy and environmental technologies.
Recent progress in developing bioinspired 2D nanomaterials for sustainable energy and environmental applications is summarized. Learning from nature has been proved to be an effective approach to take full advantage of the potential of materials and to build a sustainable society by using existing materials.
Cobalt oxide nanostructures have been considered as promising electrode materials for various electrochemical applications, especially for batteries, supercapacitors, and electrocatalysis, owing to ...their unparalleled advantages of high theoretical capacity, highly-active catalytic properties, and outstanding thermal/chemical stability. If hybridized with property-complementary nanomaterials, such as nanocarbon, CNTs, graphene, metal oxides/sulfides and conductive polymers, their electrochemical properties can be further enhanced in terms of specific reversible capacity/capacitance, rate capability, cycling stability, and catalytic activity. In this review, we first give a comprehensive overview on recent progress in both monolithic cobalt oxide nanostructures and their hybrid nanomaterials for batteries, supercapacitors, and electrocatalysis applications. Then, structure-property relationships of the cobalt oxide-based nanomaterials and current challenges in both nanoarchitectures design and their applications in electrochemical energy devices are proposed, and an outlook on future research of this family of materials in electrochemical energy applications are brought forward. This understanding on the relationships of synthesis-nano/microstructure-property-performance of cobalt oxide-based nanomaterials is expected to lay a good foundation for pushing this promising class of materials to the practical application in energy conversion and storage devices and to provide a good reference for the readers in the fields of materials, chemistry, sustainable energy, and nanotechnology.
Light with spatiotemporal orbital angular momentum (ST-OAM) is a recently discovered type of structured and localized electromagnetic field. This field carries characteristic space–time spiral phase ...structure and transverse intrinsic OAM. Here, we present the generation and characterization of the second harmonic of ST-OAM pulses. We uncover the conservation of transverse OAM in a second-harmonic generation process, where the space–time topological charge of the fundamental field is doubled along with the optical frequency. Our experiment thus suggests a general ST-OAM nonlinear scaling rule, analogous to that in conventional OAM of light. Furthermore, we observe that the topology of a second-harmonic ST-OAM pulse can be modified by complex spatiotemporal astigmatism, giving rise to multiple phase singularities separated in space and time. Our study opens a new route for nonlinear conversion and scaling of light carrying ST-OAM, with the potential for driving other secondary ST-OAM sources of electromagnetic fields and beyond.The second-harmonic spatiotemporal orbital angular momentum of an optical pulse and its space–time topological charge conservation during frequency doubling are experimentally observed, opening opportunities for nonlinear conversion and scaling of photons carrying spatiotemporal orbital angular momentum.
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