The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dried
L. leaves as a phytogenic mixture added to broiler feed on CD4
and CD8
T lymphocyte subpopulations, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody ...titres, and the presence of
in faecal samples. The study was conducted on 100 male Ross 308 broilers, divided into four groups of 25 broilers, for a 42-day research period. The groups were housed separately in boxes on a litter of softwood shavings and were fed starter mixture from day 1 to day 21 and finisher mixture from day 22 to day 42. Industrial hemp (
) was grown in the Crkvina area, Croatia (latitude: 45°18'46.8″ N; longitude: 15°31'30″ E). The hemp leaves were manually separated, sun-dried, and ground to a powder. The mixture offered to the control group did not contain cannabis leaves, whereas the three experimental groups received mixtures containing mixed cannabis leaves in a quantity of 10 g/kg, 20 g/kg, or 30 g/kg (E_10, E_20, and E_30, respectively). The mean NDV antibody level was uniform in all study groups until post-vaccination day 14 and increased comparably with time. The percentage of CD4
and CD8
lymphocytes in the peripheral blood subpopulation showed statistically significant differences (
< 0.001) in the E_20 group as compared with the control group and both the E_10 and E_30 groups throughout the study period. As the broiler age increased, the CD4
-to-CD8
ratios also increased and were statistically significant (
< 0.0001) on day 42 in all experimental groups as compared to the control group. Comparing the control group with the experimental groups indicated that the bacterial count was lower in broiler groups having received feed with the addition of 20 g/kg and 30 g/kg
leaves. In conclusion, the
leaves were found to elicit a favourable immunomodulatory effect on cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in broilers via increased CD4
and CD8
lymphocyte subpopulations and higher CD4
:CD8
cell ratios, thus indicating enhanced immune function capacity. In addition,
leaves may have complementary effects on the broiler post-vaccination immune response, increase broilers' resistance to infectious diseases, reduce the effect of stress associated with vaccination, and improve broiler health and welfare.
This study aimed to investigate the presence of eight biogenic amines (BAs): tryptamine (TRP), phenylethylamine (PHE), putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD), histamine (HIS), tyramine (TYR), spermidine ...(SPD) and spermine (SPM) in cheese, fish & fishery products and meat & meat products obtained from the Croatian retail market. A selective and robust method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD) was applied for the determination of BAs in a total of 91 samples in accordance with the performance criteria outlined in the European legislation. A high inter- and intra-food group variability of the amounts of BAs was observed. In the analysed samples, the most represented amines were TYR, HIS, CAD and PUT. Based on the highest content of the most toxic BAs (HIS and TYR) and consequential food safety concerns, the studied food groups can be ranked in the following order: cheese (HIS up to 106.4 mg/kg; TYR up to 206.6 mg/kg), fish &fishery products (HIS up to 98.8 mg/kg; TYR up to 47.9 mg/kg), and meat & meat products (HIS up to 20.0 mg/kg; TYR up to 117.5 mg/kg). The total BA content was significantly higher (p < .05) in fermented in comparison with other food. The study aimed to contribute to the knowledge on BA toxicity and food quality, as well as to support the indispensable future studies of consumption data and exposure assessment, to the end of defining allowable BA concentrations in food.
Kemijski su aditivi prepoznati kao jedan od glavnih čimbenika koji doprinose toksičnosti plastike, osobito kada se plastika u okolišu fragmentira u mikroplastiku. Bisfenoli su skupina umjetno ...proizvedenih kemikalija koje se upotrebljavaju u izradi polikarbonatne plastike i epoksi smola. Ovaj rad donosi prikaz najzastupljenijih bisfenola (BPA, BPB, BPF, BPS, BPAF, BPAP) iz morskog okoliša i dostupnih analitičkih postupaka za njihovo prepoznavanje i kvantifikaciju, s posebnim osvrtom na školjkaše. Kako su bisfenoli kao endokrini disruptori štetne kemikalije procijenjen je rizik izloženosti konzumenata školjaka. U dosadašnjim istraživanjima prisutnosti bisfenola širom svijeta najviše je bio zastupljen BPA, a većina studija su istraživanja duž azijske obale. Utvrđen je nedostatak istraživanja analoga bisfenola, koji djeluju kao estrogenski. progesteronski i anti-androgeni spojevi. Procijenjeni dnevni unosi (EDI) za BPA, BPB, BPF, BPS, BPP, BPAF i BPAP te za zbroj ovih bisfenola ΣBPs utvrđenih u školjkašima duž južnoafričke i azijske obale. U oba scenarija srednje i maksimalne izloženosti prekoračen je podnošljivi dnevni unos (TDI), što ukazuje na to da EDI školjkaša s BP predstavljaju zdravstvenu prijetnju konzumentima. Istražena je potreba za provedbom istraživanja distribucije bisfenola u okolišu i opasnosti konzumacije školjkaša kao mogućnost znatnog izvora njihovog unosa.
Mikroplastika (MP) je prepoznata kao okolišni kontaminant višestrukih opasnosti na temelju fizičkih učinaka zbog veličine čestica, oblika i koncentracije te kemijskih učinaka povezanih s opasnim ...kemikalijama. Sve je više dokaza o prisutnosti MP u hrani, a posljednjih godina se eksponencijalno povećava i broj publikacija o njezinoj prisutnosti u hrani morskog podrijetla. Međutim, analitičke metode detekcije u hrani morskog podrijetla su unatoč dostupnosti širokog spektra instrumentalnih tehnika za izolaciju i određivanje njezinih fizikalnih svojstava ograničene. Potpuni analitički postupak donosi podatke o kemijskom sastavu i morfološkoj strukturi čestica, ali niti jedna instrumentalna tehnika ne udovoljava svim zahtjevima analize MP. Primjena većeg raspona komplementarnih analitičkih metodologija u pogledu otkrivanja i identifikacije ispunjava zahtjevnost analize ovog okolišnog kontaminanta. Pojava i vrsta unesene MP, kao i njezini zdravstveni
učinci koji se trenutno ispituju, uključuju biološke, kemijske i fizičke vrste utjecaja. U svrhu procjene utjecaja MP iz hrane morskog podrijetla na ljudsko zdravlje prvo se mora kvantificirati izloženost, a zatim utvrditi je li ta izloženost dovoljno velika da bi izazvala posljedice sa štetnim učincima. Izloženost ljudi hrani morskog podrijetla izaziva zabrinutosti zbog njezine kontinuirane akumulacije u okolišu. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati dosadašnje spoznaje o prisutnosti MP u hrani morskog podrijetla: školjkašima, ribi i rakovima kao glavnim izvorima. Posebno se analiziraju postojeći analitički pristupi ekstrakcije i instrumentalnog određivanja koncentracije, oblika i vrste materijala MP u zahtjevnim biološkim uzorcima. Istaknuta je potreba daljnje istraživačke aktivnosti o ovom kontaminantu, kao i potreba za stvaranje baze podataka koja je neophodna za uspostavu zakonodavstva u području hrane.
The risk of wild ducks exposure to heavy metals in the environment was assessed by analyzing 20 wild ducks shot in the hunting area at the fish farm in Donji Miholjac, Eastern Croatia. Liver samples ...obtained from 10 Mallards and 10 Common Pochards were examined for heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Hg) by using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Significant difference in heavy metal content between analyzed species was confirmed only for Cd (P≤0.01), and no differences were found between genders within species. The results obtained suggest the importance of wild ducks as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution, especially Common Pochard for Cd, and Mallard for Pb accumulation.
Food safety, climate change, the emergence of infectious diseases, the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters, and increasingly demanding intensive production are daily challenges for ...poultry production. A functional immune system is a prerequisite for animal health, and nutrition is one of the modulators of the immune system; therefore, the appropriate balance of nutrients is extremely important for the proper development and maintenance of the immune system of animals. The antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of phytobiotics are properties that make their use important as feed additives for poultry. Cannabis sativa L. contains many different compounds such as flavonoids, terpenes, and cannabinoids, each with different properties and effects. The effects of C. sativa seeds, essential oils, and cakes as feed additives for poultry have already been investigated, but the effect of C. sativa L. leaves as a feed additive on immunostimulatory and antibacterial activity has not. The results of this study show that C. sativa as a phytogenic additive to animal feed has a favourable antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effect in the production of broiler chickens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dried Cannabis sativa L. leaves as a phytogenic mixture added to broiler feed on CD4sup.+ and CD8sup.+ T lymphocyte subpopulations, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody titres, and the presence of E. coli in faecal samples. The study was conducted on 100 male Ross 308 broilers, divided into four groups of 25 broilers, for a 42-day research period. The groups were housed separately in boxes on a litter of softwood shavings and were fed starter mixture from day 1 to day 21 and finisher mixture from day 22 to day 42. Industrial hemp (C. sativa) was grown in the Crkvina area, Croatia (latitude: 45°18′46.8″ N; longitude: 15°31′30″ E). The hemp leaves were manually separated, sun-dried, and ground to a powder. The mixture offered to the control group did not contain cannabis leaves, whereas the three experimental groups received mixtures containing mixed cannabis leaves in a quantity of 10 g/kg, 20 g/kg, or 30 g/kg (E_10, E_20, and E_30, respectively). The mean NDV antibody level was uniform in all study groups until post-vaccination day 14 and increased comparably with time. The percentage of CD4sup.+ and CD8sup.+ lymphocytes in the peripheral blood subpopulation showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) in the E_20 group as compared with the control group and both the E_10 and E_30 groups throughout the study period. As the broiler age increased, the CD4sup.+-to-CD8sup.+ ratios also increased and were statistically significant (p < 0.0001) on day 42 in all experimental groups as compared to the control group. Comparing the control group with the experimental groups indicated that the bacterial count was lower in broiler groups having received feed with the addition of 20 g/kg and 30 g/kg C. sativa leaves. In conclusion, the C. sativa leaves were found to elicit a favourable immunomodulatory effect on cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in broilers via increased CD4sup.+ and CD8sup.+ lymphocyte subpopulations and higher CD4sup.+:CD8sup.+ cell ratios, thus indicating enhanced immune function capacity. In addition, C. sativa leaves may have complementary effects on the broiler post-vaccination immune response, increase broilers’ resistance to infectious diseases, reduce the effect of stress associated with vaccination, and improve broiler health and welfare.
We report the first serological evidence of Usutu virus (USUV) infection in horses in Croatia. During 2011, 1380 horse serum samples from healthy animals were collected from six northern Croatian ...counties. All samples were first screened for West Nile virus (WNV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sixty-nine WNV ELISA-reactive samples were further tested for WNV antibodies by a virus neutralization assay (VN assay) and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), and USUV by a VN assay and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) antibodies by PRNT. During the same period, 306 human serum samples from patients coming for routine testing with no symptoms of acute febrile disease were tested for USUV IgG using ELISA. Reactive samples were tested for both USUV and WNV using a VN assay. USUV-specific neutralizing antibodies were detected in two of 69 WNV ELISA-reactive horse serum samples. Seropositive animals were found in two different regions of Croatia. One additional sample showed specific WNV-neutralizing antibodies that cross-neutralized USUV. Only one human sample (0.3%) was reactive to USUV antibodies in an ELISA test. In a confirmatory test, WNV-neutralizing antibodies were detected, indicating cross-reactive antibodies with USUV in ELISA. The exposure to USUV was documented in two WNV ELISA-reactive horses at distant locations. These results indicate the presence of USUV in northern Croatia.
Kudoa sp. u filetima oslića Mladineo, Ivona; Listeš, Irena
MESO: Prvi hrvatski časopis o mesu,
06/2004, Volume:
VI, Issue:
3
Paper
Open access
U radu je opisana identifikacija Kudoa sp. iz smrznutih fileta oslića. Organoleptičkom pretragom fileta oslića utvrđene su na površini fileta duguljaste žuto-bjeličaste, oble i pravilne tvorbe, ...slične velikim kuhanim zrnima riže, dužine do 1.5 cm, meke konzistencije. Pseudociste su bile smještene u palisadama po dvije ili tri, teško su se izdvajale iz hipaksijalnog mišičja, a na jači pritisak su se pojedine tvorbe raspale u sjajnu sluzavu ili u sirastu masu. Na mjestu u kojemu su pseudociste izolirane, meso ribe nije promijenilo boju ali je bilo vodnjikavo i mekane konzistencije. Prilikom razrezivanja fileta u dubini mišićja, utvrđene su također ovalne tvorbe. Mikroskopskom pretragom nativnog preparata razmaza pseudocista, utvrđene su miksosporidije, Kudoa sp.
Uzgoj morskih organizama duž jadranske obale ima dugu tradiciju koja datira još iz 19. stoljeća. Hranidbena vrijednost školjaka
se temelji na odnosu bjelančevina i masti, uz velike količine ...glikogena. Osim velike koristi koju organizmi što žive u vodenoj sredini
pružaju čovjeku, oni su i realna opasnost za zdravlje. Školjkaši ltriraju velike količine vode da bi se prehranili, te na takav način
kumuliraju različite patogene porijeklom iz ljudskog fecesa. Usvajanjem europske regulative (European regulation 91/492/EC) koja
propisuje prihvatljive količine bakterijskih patogena, znatno se smanjio utjecaj bakterija na izbijanje gastroenteritisa, ali ne i bolesti
izazvane viralnim uzročnicima. Norovirus (NoV, prije „Norwalk-like virus“) predstavlja najvažnijeg uzročnika nebakterijskog gastro-
enteritisa u svijetu. U industrijaliziranom svijetu NoV je moguće odgovoran za preko 80% svih izbijanja gastroenteritisa. NoV spada u
porodicu Caliciviridae, a podijeljen je u pet genogrupa (GI-GV), za genogrupe GI, GII i GIV je poznato da izazivaju bolest u ljudi. Nakon
infekcije ljudi kontaminiranim školjkašima, epidemija se širi fekalno-oralnim putem, iako do prijenosa bolesti može doći i direktnim
kontaktom s osobe na osobu, ili viralnim česticama u aerosolu. Iako je bolest uglavnom blaga i samolimitirajuća, može biti i ozbiljna
kod pacijenata koji već imaju nekakve zdravstvene smetnje. Četiri su osnovna problema kod detekcije NoV iz školjaka; niski nivo vi-
rusne kontaminacije, velika varijabilnost virusa, prisustvo interferirajućih supstanci koje inhibiraju molekularnu detekciju i genetska
varijabilnost NoV. Dva su koraka uključena kod detekcije enterovirusa iz kontaminiranih školjki, a to je izdvajanje i koncentracija vi-
rusa iz hepatopankreasa školjkaša i detekcija virusa uz pomoć reverzne transkripcije (RT) PCR metode. Zbog same strategije procjene
rizika potrebno je provesti pretraživanje školjkaša na prisustvo NoV. U Evropi (CEN), je osnovao radnu grupu stručnjaka, za razvoj i
validaciju referentne horizontalne metode za detekciju NoV u hrani, uključujući školjkaše.
U ovom smo radu istražili produljeno skladi- štenje i senzorsku stabilnost “Dalmatinskog pršu- ta”, pršuta s oznakom zaštićenog zemljopisnog po- drijetla (ZZP) (Uredba Komisije (EU) br. 2016/189), ...tijekom produljenog razdoblja skladištenja na tem- peraturama hladnog lanca i pakiranja u vakum ambalaži. Cilj nam je bio razjasniti više empirijske osnove za određivanje roka trajanja, suprotstav- ljajući se prisutnoj praksi arbitrarnog određivanja isteka roka. Tijekom razdoblja od 210 dana, na kontroliranoj temperaturi od 4 ± 2 °C, pratili smo fizikalno-kemijska svojstva pršuta (aktivnost vode i udio soli) i proveli sveobuhvatnu senzorsku ocje- nu. Rezultati istraživanja ističu iznimno očuvanje senzorskog profila pršuta, s minimalnim odstupa- njima u intenzitetu okusa i bez značajnih promje- na u parametrima teksture (tvrdoća, topljivost) ili u razinama soli. Međutim, ključno otkriće je deset- ljetni trend smanjenja udjela vode među proizvo- đačima, koji sada varira između 30-46 %, što je is- pod raspona od 40-55 % određenog Specifkacijom
za “Dalmatinski pršut”. Unatoč tom odstupanju, smanjivanje udjela vode nije nepovoljno utjecalo na senzorske karakteristike “Dalatinskog pršu- ta”, ukazujući na stabilnost senzorskog profila na promjene u udjelu vode unutar promatranog raz- doblja. Naši rezultati dovode u pitanje definirani sadržaj vode naveden u Specifikaciji “Dalmatinski pršut”, sugerirajući potrebu za dopunom kako bi se podržali znastveni dokazi o neznačajnom utje- caju udjela vode na senzorsku kvalitetu. Ovim istraživanjem naglašena je važnost ponovnog raz- matranja i potencijalne prilagodbe regulatornih standarda za udio vode u “Dalmatinskom pršu- tu”, snižavajući utvrđenu donju granicu na 30 % i osiguravajući usklađenost s praktičnim proizvod- nim stanjem i znanstvenim spoznajama, čime se poboljšava određivanje roka trajanja proizvoda i održava visoki standard kvalitete.
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