The aprotic lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) battery has excited huge interest due to it having the highest theoretical energy density among the different types of rechargeable battery. The facile achievement ...of a practical Li–O2 battery has been proven unrealistic, however. The most significant barrier to progress is the limited understanding of the reaction processes occurring in the battery, especially during the charging process on the positive electrode. Thus, understanding the charging mechanism is of crucial importance to enhance the Li–O2 battery performance and lifetime. Here, recent progress in understanding the electrochemistry and chemistry related to charging in Li–O2 batteries is reviewed along with the strategies to address the issues that exist in the charging process at the present stage. The properties of Li2O2 and the mechanisms of Li2O2 oxidation to O2 on charge are discussed comprehensively, as are the accompanied parasitic chemistries, which are considered as the underlying issues hindering the reversibility of Li–O2 batteries. Based on the detailed discussion of the charging mechanism, innovative strategies for addressing the issues for the charging process are discussed in detail. This review has profound implications for both a better understanding of charging chemistry and the development of reliable rechargeable Li–O2 batteries in the future.
Addressing the challenges facing lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries during charging is of great significance for improving the performance of Li–O2 batteries. A fundamental discussion on the science underpinning the charging chemistry of the Li–O2 system and on promising strategies for improving these reactions is presented. The findings have deep implications for the future development of reliable rechargeable Li–O2 batteries.
Discontinuous Lyapunov functionals appeared to be very efficient for sampled-data systems (
Fridman, 2010; Naghshtabrizi, Hespanha, & Teel, 2008). In the present paper, new discontinuous Lyapunov ...functionals are introduced for sampled-data control in the presence of a constant input delay. The construction of these functionals is based on the vector extension of Wirtinger’s inequality. These functionals lead to simplified and efficient stability conditions in terms of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). The new stability analysis is applied to sampled-data state-feedback stabilization and to a novel sampled-data static output-feedback problem, where the delayed measurements are used for stabilization.
Iron-based Prussian blue analogs are promising low-cost and easily prepared cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Their materials quality and electrochemical performance are heavily reliant on ...the precipitation process. Here we report a controllable precipitation method to synthesize high-performance Prussian blue for sodium-ion storage. Characterization of the nucleation and evolution processes of the highly crystalline Prussian blue microcubes reveals a rhombohedral structure that exhibits high initial Coulombic efficiency, excellent rate performance, and cycling properties. The phase transitions in the as-obtained material are investigated by synchrotron in situ powder X-ray diffraction, which shows highly reversible structural transformations between rhombohedral, cubic, and tetragonal structures upon sodium-ion (de)intercalations. Moreover, the Prussian blue material from a large-scale synthesis process shows stable cycling performance in a pouch full cell over 1000 times. We believe that this work could pave the way for the real application of Prussian blue materials in sodium-ion batteries.
The low-cost room-temperature sodium-sulfur battery system is arousing extensive interest owing to its promise for large-scale applications. Although significant efforts have been made, resolving low ...sulfur reaction activity and severe polysulfide dissolution remains challenging. Here, a sulfur host comprised of atomic cobalt-decorated hollow carbon nanospheres is synthesized to enhance sulfur reactivity and to electrocatalytically reduce polysulfide into the final product, sodium sulfide. The constructed sulfur cathode delivers an initial reversible capacity of 1081 mA h g
with 64.7% sulfur utilization rate; significantly, the cell retained a high reversible capacity of 508 mA h g
at 100 mA g
after 600 cycles. An excellent rate capability is achieved with an average capacity of 220.3 mA h g
at the high current density of 5 A g
. Moreover, the electrocatalytic effects of atomic cobalt are clearly evidenced by operando Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and density functional theory.
Nutrients are vital to life through intertwined sensing, signaling, and metabolic processes. Emerging research focuses on how distinct nutrient signaling networks integrate and coordinate gene ...expression, metabolism, growth, and survival. We review the multifaceted roles of sugars, nitrate, and phosphate as essential plant nutrients in controlling complex molecular and cellular mechanisms of dynamic signaling networks. Key advances in central sugar and energy signaling mechanisms mediated by the evolutionarily conserved master regulators HEXOKINASE1 (HXK1), TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR), and SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE1 (SNRK1) are discussed. Significant progress in primary nitrate sensing, calcium signaling, transcriptome analysis, and root-shoot communication to shape plant biomass and architecture are elaborated. Discoveries on intracellular and extracellular phosphate signaling and the intimate connections with nitrate and sugar signaling are examined. This review highlights the dynamic nutrient, energy, growth, and stress signaling networks that orchestrate systemwide transcriptional, translational, and metabolic reprogramming, modulate growth and developmental programs, and respond to environmental cues.
Prussian blue analogues (PBAs, A2TM(CN)6, A = Li, K, Na; T = Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, etc.; M = Fe, Mn, Co, etc.) are a large family of materials with an open framework structure. In recent years, they ...have been intensively investigated as active materials in the field of energy conversion and storage, such as for alkaline‐ion batteries (lithium‐ion, LIBs; sodium‐ion, NIB; and potassium‐ion, KIBs), and as electrochemical catalysts. Nevertheless, few review papers have focused on the intrinsic chemical and structural properties of Prussian blue (PB) and its analogues. In this Review, a comprehensive insight into the PBAs in terms of their structural and chemical properties, and the effects of these properties on their materials synthesis and corresponding performance is provided.
This Review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research progress on Prussian blue analogues (PBAs), including the synthesis methods, structural and chemical properties of PBAs, various applications for these PBAs, and the effects of their structural and chemical properties on material synthesis and applications. Finally, some personal viewpoints on the challenges and outlook for PBAs application are included.
Direct olefinic C-H functionalization represents the ideal way of introducing an alkenyl group into organic molecules. A well-known process is the Heck reaction, which involves alkene insertion and ...β-hydride elimination in the presence of a transition metal. However, the traditional Heck reaction mainly deals with the alkenylation of aryl or vinyl electrophiles. Recent developments have revealed that alkenylation can also be achieved through radical addition to alkenes and following single-electron-transfer (SET) oxidation/elimination. The radical alkenylation pathway allows alkenylation with a variety of carbon-centered radicals and even heteroatom-centered radicals. This tutorial review gives an overview of recent advances in this emerging field.
As one of the most competitive candidates for large‐scale energy storage, zinc–air batteries (ZABs) have attracted great attention due to their high theoretical specific energy density, low toxicity, ...high abundance, and high safety. It is highly desirable but still remains a huge challenge, however, to achieve cheap and efficient electrocatalysts to promote their commercialization. Recently, Fe‐based single‐atom and dual‐atom catalysts (SACs and DACs, respectively) have emerged as powerful candidates for ZABs derived from their maximum utilization of atoms, excellent catalytic performance, and low price. In this review, some fundamental concepts in the field of ZABs are presented and the recent progress on the reported Fe‐based SACs and DACs is summarized, mainly focusing on the relationship between structure and performance at the atomic level, with the aim of providing helpful guidelines for future rational designs of efficient electrocatalysts with atomically dispersed active sites. Finally, the great advantages and future challenges in this field of ZABs are also discussed.
In this review, the authors provide a comprehensive survey on recent research in Fe‐based single‐atom/dual‐atom electrocatalysts applied as air electrodes of zinc–air batteries, and deeply discuss the relationship between active‐site coordination and battery performance, potentially offering guidelines for future related investigations.
Sodium metal is an ideal anode material for metal rechargeable batteries, owing to its high theoretical capacity (1166 mAh g−1), low cost, and earth‐abundance. However, the dendritic growth upon Na ...plating, stemming from unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film, is a major and most notable problem. Here, a sodium benzenedithiolate (PhS2Na2)‐rich protection layer is synthesized in situ on sodium by a facile method that effectively prevents dendrite growth in the carbonate electrolyte, leading to stabilized sodium metal electrodeposition for 400 cycles (800 h) of repeated plating/stripping at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. The organic salt, PhS2Na2, is found to be a critical component in the protection layer. This finding opens up a new and promising avenue, based on organic sodium slats, to stabilize sodium metals with a protection layer.
A sodium benzenedithiolate (PhS2Na2)‐rich protection layer synthesized in situ on sodium by a facile method effectively prevents dendrite growth in carbonate electrolyte, leading to stabilized sodium metal electrodeposition for 400 cycles (800 h) of repeated plating/stripping at a current density of 1 mA cm−2.
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