Chinese adolescents encounter a lot of stressors, such as academic burden and parental pressure. However, little is known about their perception of stress. The 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) ...is a widely used instrument to measure individuals' appraisal of global stress in academic research and clinical practice. The current study aimed to evaluate the best-fit factor structure model of the PSS-10 and the measurement invariance across genders in Chinese adolescents.
A total of 1,574 Chinese senior high school students completed the PSS-10 (mean age = 15.26 ± 0.56 years, female = 54%). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to determine the factor structure of the PSS-10. Multigroup CFA was carried out to test the measurement invariance of the PSS-10 across genders. A subsample (
= 1,060) answered additional questionnaires measuring stressful life events, anxiety, and depression to examine the convergent and concurrent validity of the PSS-10.
The two-factor model was supported i.e., χ
(34) = 332.224,
< 0.001; non-normal fit index (NNFI) = 0.901, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.925, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.075, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.051. Importantly, the model exhibited strong measurement invariance across female and male groups. Furthermore, the PSS-10 had adequate convergent validity for stressful life events (number:
= 0.13,
< 0.001; impact:
= 0.23,
< 0.001) and could explain incremental variance in predicting anxiety (Δ
= 0.13, β = 0.38,
< 0.001) and depression (Δ
= 0.16, β = 0.41,
< 0.001), suggesting excellent concurrent validity.
A two-factor model best fits the structure of PSS-10 among Chinese adolescents, with strong measurement invariance between gender groups, demonstrating its validity for assessing perceived stress among Chinese adolescents.
This article investigates electronic dictionaries under the framework of Systemic-Functional Multimodal Discourse Analysis (SF-MDA) and argues for improving their exemplifica-tion multimodally. ...Multimodal devices, if well coordinated, can help optimize e-dictionary exam-ples in informativity, diversity, dynamicity and interactivity. The term multimodal exemplification is tentatively proposed under the umbrella of multimodal lexicography (Lew 2010), and defined as the selection and presentation of examples with multimodal devices for achieving greater effec-tiveness in exemplifying than language does alone, especially in an e-dictionary. Evidence shows that multimodal exemplification can expand the three metafunctional meanings of the e-dictionary discourse: ideational, interpersonal and textual. Ideational meaning can be enriched by not only multimodal examples per se but also cross-modal example – definition ties, and hyperlinks facilitate meaning flow in the semantic network. Interpersonal meaning can be expanded by user participa-tion and design options, including those for page layout (spatial mode) and example genre style (verbal mode). Textual meaning can be reinforced by information value, composition, salience and framing. This article makes a first attempt to explore the intermodal relationship between a defini-tion and the examples under the same sense, and to present a diagram illustrating a typical design of visual space in e-dictionaries. By exploring the special features of multimodal example texts, it may deepen our understanding of the emerging multimodal lexicography and complement multi-modal discourse studies from a lexicographical perspective.Multimodale toeligting : Betekenisuitbreiding in elektroniese woordeboeke.In hierdie artikel word elektroniese woordeboeke binne die raamwerk van Sistemies-Funksionele Multimodale Diskoersanalise (SF-MDA) ondersoek en geargumenteer ten gunste van die verbetering van hul multimodale toeligtingshulpmiddels. Indien multimodale hulpmiddels goed gekoördineer word, kan hulle help om die e-woordeboekvoorbeelde te optimaliseer ten opsigte van informatiwiteit, diversiteit, dinamiek en interaktiwiteit. Die term multimodale toeligting word tentatief voorgestel onder die oorkoepelende multimodale leksikografie (Lew 2010), en gedefinieer as die seleksie en aanbieding van voorbeelde met behulp van multimodale hulpmiddels ten einde groter effektiwiteit in toeligting te verkry as wat met slegs taal gedoen kan word, veral in 'n e-woordeboek. Daar is bewyse dat multimodale toeligting die drie metafunksionele betekenisse van die e-woordeboekdiskoers kan uitbrei: begripvormend, interpersoonlik en tekstueel. Begripvormende betekenis kan uitgebrei word nie alleen deur multimodale voorbeelde per se nie, maar ook deur tussenmodale voorbeeld–definisie verbintenisse, en hiperskakels vergemaklik betekenisvloei in die semantiese netwerk. Interpersoonlike betekenis kan uitgebrei word deur gebruikersdeelname en ontwerpopsies, insluitend dié vir bladuitleg (ruimtelike modus) en voorbeeldgenrestyl (verbale modus). Tekstuele betekenis kan versterk word deur inligtingswaarde, samestelling, treffendheid en raming. In hierdie artikel word 'n eerste poging aangewend om die intermodale verhouding tussen 'n definisie en die voorbeelde onder dieselfde betekenis te verken, en om 'n diagram aan te bied wat 'n ontwerp tipies aan die visuele ruimte in e woordeboeke illustreer. Deur die spesiale kenmerke van multimodale voorbeeldtekste te verken, kan ons begrip van die groeiende multimodale leksikografie dalk verbeter word en kan die multimodale diskoersstudies vanuit 'n leksikografiese perspektief dalk aangevul word.
The effect of aluminum addition on fundamental characters of as-cast Mg-4Y-xAl (x = 1, 2, 3 and 4 wt%) alloys were investigated by means of theoretical calculations, scanning electron microscopy, ...X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinements. The lattice parameter and lattice volume of the α-Mg matrix decrease with increasing the content of Al, which is related to the content of Y and Al in solid solution. In the alloy system microstructures, Al11Y3, Al2Y and Mg24Y5 are principally formed, the content of Mg24Y5 decrease gradually with the increased of the Al content and finally disappeared when the Al content exceeded 3 wt%. This can be ascribed to the activation of standard molar enthalpies during the formation of those intermetallic compounds. Meanwhile, grain refinement was obtained after Al is added, owing to the Al2Y produced at the grain centers acts as active nucleant particle and the acicular shape Al11Y3 phases restrict the growth of α-Mg. In addition, the local solute (Y and Al) segregation inhibit the leading phase from growing in equilibrium also attributes to grain refinement. Addition of 4 wt% Al gives the alloy favorable mechanical properties at room temperature, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation are 91 MPa, 186 MPa and 11.6%, respectively, mainly due to secondary phase strengthening and solid solution strengthening.
With the popularity of electronic dictionaries, multimodality plays an increasingly important role in lexicography. To broaden the horizons of e-dictionary definitions, this article argues for the ...establishment of a new term, multimodal definition, as a key component of multimodal lexicography. This term integrates verbal definitions and the complementary multimodal resources from a holistic viewpoint of meaning. In a multimodal definition, a dynamic meaning ecology can be formed, with two critical variables functioning, (semiotic) mode selection and intermodal synergy. In this ecology, meaning expressed verbally can be multiplied in four dimensions: content, form, space and time. Future directions for research are discussed, including dictionary user studies and multimodal corpora. The findings of this article shed light on the construction of a theoretical model for e-lexicography which remains an urgent task in the ongoing digital revolution. Multimodale definisie : die verveelvoudiging van betekenis in elektroniese woordeboeke. Met die oplewing in elektroniese woordeboeke speel multi-modaliteit 'n toenemend belangrike rol in leksikografie. Om die bestek van e-woordeboekdefinisies te vergroot, word daar in hierdie artikel geargumenteer ten gunste van die vestiging van 'n nuwe term, multimodale definisie, as 'n sleutelkomponent van die multimodale leksikografie. Hierdie term word vanuit 'n holistiese betekenisoogpunt gewy aan die integrering van verbale definisies en die komplementêre multimodale bronne. In 'n multimodale definisie kan 'n dinamiese betekenis-ekologie geskep word waar twee kritiese veranderlikes funksioneer, (semiotiese) modusseleksie en intermodale sinergie. In hierdie ekologie kan betekenis wat verbaal uitgedruk word, in vier dimensies verveelvoudig word: inhoud, vorm, ruimte en tyd. Toekomstige navorsingsrigtings, insluitende woordeboekgebruikerstudies en multimodale korpora, word bespreek. Die bevindings van hierdie artikel werp lig op die samestelling van 'n teoretiese model vir e-leksikografie wat 'n dringende taak in die voortgesette digitale revolusie bly.
Abstract
Background
Nurses bear a lot of stressors at work. The 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) is a widely used self-reported scale for measuring the global perception of stress. However, ...there is a lack of use of the PSS-10 in Chinese nurses. This study aimed to test the psychometric properties of the PSS-10 among Chinese nurses.
Methods
A total of 708 Chinese nurses completed the PSS-10, the Big Five Inventory (BFI), and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tested the factor structure of the PSS-10. Cronbach’s α and test-retest correlation examined the scale reliability. Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression analyses tested the convergent, discriminant and criterion validity of the PSS-10.
Results
CFA revealed that a two-factor model fits the structure of the PSS-10 in Chinese nurses (
χ
2
/
df =
6.25,
p
< 0.001; comparative fit index CFI = 0.94, non-normal fit index NNFI = 0.92, Tucker-Lewis index TLI = 0.91, root mean square error of approximation RMSEA = 0.08, standardized root mean square residual SRMR = 0.05). The scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency (α = 0.86) and test-retest reliability (
r
= 0.66,
p <
0.001), satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity with relations to Big Five personalities, as well as good criterion validity such that the PSS-10 score could explain incremental variance in predicting anxiety, depression and stress.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that PSS-10 is a reliable and valid measure of perceived stress among Chinese nurses and can be used in future research and practice on stress management and coping in Chinese nurses.
Developmental prosopagnosia (DP), also known as face blindness, is a cognitive disorder with a severe deficit in recognizing faces. However, the heterogeneous nature of DP leads to a longstanding ...debate on which stages the deficit occurs, face perception (e.g., matching two consecutively presented faces) or face memory (e.g., matching a face to memorized faces). Here, we used the individual difference approach with functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore the neural substrates of DPs’ face perception and face memory that may illuminate DPs’ heterogeneity. Specifically, we measured the behavioral performance of face perception and face memory in a large sample of individuals suffering DP (
N
= 64) and then associated the behavioral performance with their face-selective neural responses in the core face network (CFN) and the extended face network (EFN), respectively. Behaviorally, we found that DP individuals were impaired in both face perception and face memory; however, there was only a weak correlation between the performances of two tasks. Consistent with this observation, the neural correlate of DPs’ performance in face memory task was localized in the bilateral fusiform face area, whereas DPs’ performance in face perception task was correlated with the face selectivity in the right posterior superior temporal sulcus, suggesting that the neural substrates in the CFN for face memory and face perception were separate in DP. In contrast, shared neural substrates of deficits in face perception and face memory tasks were identified in the EFN, including the right precuneus and the right orbitofrontal cortex. In summary, our study provides one of the first empirical evidence that the separate and shared neural substrates of face perception and face memory were identified in the CFN and EFN, respectively, which may help illuminating DP’s heterogeneous nature.
Abstract
Internalizing disorders encompass anxiety, fear and depressive disorders, which exhibit overlap at both conceptual and symptom levels. Given that a neurobiological evaluation is lacking, we ...conducted a Seed-based D-Mapping comparative meta-analysis including coordinates as well as original statistical maps to determine common and disorder-specific gray matter volume alterations in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), fear-related anxiety disorders (FAD, i.e., social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, panic disorder) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Results showed that GAD exhibited disorder-specific altered volumes relative to FAD including decreased volumes in left insula and lateral/medial prefrontal cortex as well as increased right putamen volume. Both GAD and MDD showed decreased prefrontal volumes compared to controls and FAD. While FAD showed less robust alterations in lingual gyrus compared to controls, this group presented intact frontal integrity. No shared structural abnormalities were found. Our study is the first to provide meta-analytic evidence for distinct neuroanatomical abnormalities underlying the pathophysiology of anxiety-, fear-related and depressive disorders. These findings may have implications for determining promising target regions for disorder-specific neuromodulation interventions (e.g. transcranial magnetic stimulation or neurofeedback).
Subthreshold Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is defined as a neurobiological condition with some core inattentive or hyperactive/impulsive symptoms of ADHD which do not meet the full ...diagnosis clinically. Although it has been well documented that deficits in cognitive control, a high-level cognitive construct closely related to attention, are frequently found among children with ADHD, whether subthreshold ADHD is also associated with similar deficits remains unclear. In this study, we examined the attention functions and the cognitive control capacity (CCC) in children with ADHD (
= 39), those with subthreshold ADHD (
= 34), and typically developing peers (TD,
= 36). The results showed that the ADHD and subthreshold ADHD groups exhibited similar patterns of the impaired executive function of attention (revealed as an augment in flanker conflict effect) and reduced cognitive control capacity, and no significant difference was found between the two groups. These findings suggest that although children with subthreshold ADHD have not met the full criteria of ADHD, they showed reduced efficiency in cognitive control and attention function, similar to children with ADHD.
This longitudinal study explored the impact of the upper limit of cognitive control on the sleep quality of high school students. We collected data in two waves to examine four main variables: ...capacity of cognitive control (CCC), trait mindfulness, emotional distress and sleep quality. At the first time point (T1), trait mindfulness and emotional distress were measured by rating scales, and the CCC was evaluated by revised backward masking majority function task. Sleep quality was rated 5 months later (T2). The results indicated that: (1) the CCC was negatively correlated with trait mindfulness, and trait mindfulness was negatively correlated with emotional stress; (2) there was no simple mediation of either trait mindfulness or emotional distress in the relationship between CCC and sleep quality; (3) instead, the CCC was associated with poor sleep quality in a sequential mediation through trait mindfulness and then emotional stress. The research highlights the importance of trait mindfulness and emotional distress for addressing sleep problems in adolescents.This longitudinal study explored the impact of the upper limit of cognitive control on the sleep quality of high school students. We collected data in two waves to examine four main variables: capacity of cognitive control (CCC), trait mindfulness, emotional distress and sleep quality. At the first time point (T1), trait mindfulness and emotional distress were measured by rating scales, and the CCC was evaluated by revised backward masking majority function task. Sleep quality was rated 5 months later (T2). The results indicated that: (1) the CCC was negatively correlated with trait mindfulness, and trait mindfulness was negatively correlated with emotional stress; (2) there was no simple mediation of either trait mindfulness or emotional distress in the relationship between CCC and sleep quality; (3) instead, the CCC was associated with poor sleep quality in a sequential mediation through trait mindfulness and then emotional stress. The research highlights the importance of trait mindfulness and emotional distress for addressing sleep problems in adolescents.
The Chinese white dolphin (Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis ) has become a symbol of China’s Pearl River Delta in the Anthropocene. However, little scholarly attention has been paid to ...its role in the region’s culture. This paper takes a human-animal relations approach to ask how and why this threatened species of dolphin rose to symbolic importance in a particular delta island geography within its vast range. The paper undertakes an exploratory literature review of historical and more recent texts concerning dolphins in China and more specifically Chinese white dolphins in the Pearl River Delta. These texts range from discussions of dolphin physiology, to religious associations with dolphins, to industrial-economic explorations, to illustrated children’s books, to postage stamps and amusement park exhibits. They combine to show that Anthropocene processes have produced the Chinese white dolphin as symbolic of Hong Kong’s reunification with China and ultimately for the cohesiveness of the Pearl River Delta crossborder region as a whole, even as these spatioeconomic developments have placed the species at risk.
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