Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, however, not all tumor types and patients are completely responsive to this approach. Establishing predictive pre‐clinical models would allow for ...more accurate and practical immunotherapeutic drug development. Mouse models are extensively used as in vivo system for biomedical research. However, due to the significant differences between rodents and human, it is impossible to translate most of the findings from mouse models to human. Pharmacological development and advancing personalized medicine using patient‐derived xenografts relies on producing mouse models in which murine cells and genes are substituted with their human equivalent. Humanized mice (HM) provide a suitable platform to evaluate xenograft growth in the context of a human immune system. In this review, we discussed recent advances in the generation and application of HM models. We also reviewed new insights into the basic mechanisms, pre‐clinical evaluation of onco‐immunotherapies, current limitations in the application of these models as well as available improvement strategies. Finally, we pointed out some issues for future studies.
Establishing predictive pre‐clinical models leads toward more accurate and practical immunotherapeutic development. Humanized mice (HM) provide a suitable platform to discern human‐specific disease pathogenesis and evaluate an array of novel therapeutics. This review discusses recent progresses in the production and deployment of HM in the study of cancer immunotherapy.
Aims
This study aimed to identify different profiles of chronic disease resource utilization among patients with coronary heart disease in Tibet and explore the relationship between these profiles ...and quality of life.
Design
A cross‐sectional study.
Methods
Patients with coronary heart disease who were treated in a tertiary hospital in Tibet and its cooperative points from January 2021 to July 2021 were selected as the study participants. All participants completed a general information questionnaire, the Chronic Disease Resource Utilization Questionnaire (CIRS) and the Health Status Survey Short Form (SF‐36). Chronic disease resource utilization was profiled, and its relationship to quality of life was explored using hierarchical linear regression.
Results
A total of 382 patients were enrolled in this study. Regarding chronic disease resource utilization, the participants were divided into three latent profiles: ‘Poor utilization group’ (n = 151), ‘Effective utilization group’ (n = 155) and ‘Full utilization group’ (n = 76). Different profiles of chronic disease resource utilization of patients were significantly associated with quality of life (R2 = .126, p < .001).
Conclusion
Healthcare providers should identify patients with different profiles, define their utilization features of chronic disease resources and adopt targeted interventions to guide them in acquiring enough disease support resources to improve their quality of life.
Implication
Understanding different resources using preferences of coronary heart disease patients can help healthcare providers and related sectors to provide other supports based on different profiles of patients, thus enhancing their quality of life.
Reporting Method
The study followed the STROBE guideline.
No Patient or Public Contribution
There was no patient or public involvement in the design of the study.
Traditional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy thermosets composites are nonrenewable and cannot be reprocessed or recycled due to the permanent crosslinked structure of the thermosets, causing resource ...crisis, environmental pollution, and resource waste. Herein, a biobased epoxy vitrimer (ESO-VA) with dynamic Schiff base groups was synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), vanillin, and 4-aminophenol. The biobased epoxy vitrimer showed excellent malleability, recyclability, and mechanical properties, making it suitable as matrix to fabricate carbon fiber (CF) reinforced composites. The CF fabric reinforced ESO-VA composites showed superior mechanical strength and modulus over ESO-VA. The composites can be recycled through different approaches, owning to the dynamic Schiff base unit. The valued CF fabric can be recycled without changing structure and properties by deconstruction network structure of ESO-VA as a result of dissociation of Schiff base bond under acidic condition. The composites after crushing could be recycled thermally into short carbon fiber filled composite products through traditional processing techniques such as compression molding. We believe that this study provides a strategy to design recyclable carbon fiber reinforced biobased epoxy composites.
•Biobased epoxy vitrimer was synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil and vanillin.•The biobased epoxy vitrimer can be used as a matrix for carbon fiber reinforced composites.•Carbon fiber reinforced vitrimer composite showed excellent recyclability and reprocessability.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Besides common therapeutic approaches, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and ...radiotherapy, novel therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy, have been an advent in CRC treatment. The immunotherapy approaches try to elicit patients` immune responses against tumor cells to eradicate the tumor. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are two branches of cancer immunotherapy. MAbs demonstrate the great ability to completely recognize cancer cell-surface receptors and blockade proliferative or inhibitory pathways. On the other hand, T cell activation by genetically engineered CAR receptor via the TCR/CD3 and costimulatory domains can induce potent immune responses against specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Both of these approaches have beneficial anti-tumor effects on CRC. Herein, we review the different mAbs against various pathways and their applications in clinical trials, the different types of CAR-T cells, various specific CAR-T cells against TAAs, and their clinical use in CRC treatment.
Chemotherapy drugs are cytotoxic to tumor cells, but their lack of specificity leads to a range of side effects. The off-target effects of such drugs can be improved through the use of nanoparticles ...(NPs). Administered NPs show enhanced accumulation in tumor tissue near the blood vessels, enhancing both anticancer drug permeability and tumor retention. Several nanocarriers are now approved for clinical use in a range of cancer therapies, and many novel formulations are in the later stages of clinical trials. Here, we describe the advances in this area through the review of novel NP drug formulations developed over the last year. We focus specifically on lung, colon, cervical, and breast cancers and discuss the future of NPs as potential treatment options in these areas.
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) could be applied in cancer immunotherapy without in-depth knowledge of tumor antigens. The ...capability of genetic modification makes OVs exciting therapeutic tools with a high potential for manipulation. Improving efficacy, employing immunostimulatory elements, changing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to inflammatory TME, optimizing their delivery system, and increasing the safety are the main areas of OVs manipulations. Recently, the reciprocal interaction of OVs and TME has become a hot topic for investigators to enhance the efficacy of OVT with less off-target adverse events. Current investigations suggest that the main application of OVT is to provoke the antitumor immune response in the TME, which synergize the effects of other immunotherapies such as immune-checkpoint blockers and adoptive cell therapy. In this review, we focused on the effects of OVs on the TME and antitumor immune responses. Furthermore, OVT challenges, including its moderate efficiency, safety concerns, and delivery strategies, along with recent achievements to overcome challenges, are thoroughly discussed.
A novel biobased epoxy vitrimer (Gte-VA) with desirable mechanical properties was synthesized from glycerol triglycidyl ether (Gte) and an imine-containing hardener (VA), which was also a biobased ...compound from vanillin and 4-aminophenol. The biobased epoxy vitrimer shows Young’s modulus of 1.6 GPa and tensile strength of 62 MPa, which is close to the value of amine-cured bisphenol A diglycidyl ether. In addition, it shows excellent reprocessability, recyclability, and UV shielding performance and can be used as a matrix to prepare carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced composites. Based on the amine–imine reversible exchange reaction of the imine bonds, the CF fabric could be recycled without damage from the composite, after degrading the resin in an amine solution. Especially, after recombining the degraded resin with recycled carbon fiber fabric, a regenerated carbon fiber reinforced composite with similar mechanical properties to the original composite can be obtained, achieving full recycling of the carbon fiber reinforced composite. This work will open a door to the development of simple procedures of high-performance biobased epoxy vitrimer and its application in fully recycled carbon fiber reinforced composite.
Explainable recommendation, which can provide reasonable explanations for recommendations, is increasingly important in many fields. Although traditional embedding-based models can learn many ...implicit features, resulting in good performance, they cannot provide the reason for their recommendations. Existing explainable recommender methods can be mainly divided into two types. The first type models highlight reviews written by users to provide an explanation. For the second type, attribute information is taken into consideration. These approaches only consider one aspect and do not make the best use of the existing information. In this paper, we propose a novel neural explainable recommender model based on attributes and reviews (NERAR) for recommendation that combines the processing of attribute features and review features. We employ a tree-based model to extract and learn attribute features from auxiliary information, and then we use a time-aware gated recurrent unit (T-GRU) to model user review features and process item review features based on a convolutional neural network (CNN). Extensive experiments on Amazon datasets demonstrate that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art recommendation models in accuracy of recommendations. The presented examples also show that our model can offer more reasonable explanations. Crowd-sourcing based evaluations are conducted to verify our model’s superiority in explainability.
Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO)-derived epoxy thermosets are usually limited by their poor mechanical properties and non-reprocessability. Herein, we report sustainable epoxy vitrimers synthesized ...facilely by curing ESO with vanillin-derived Schiff base (VSB) dynamic hardener with 1,2-dimethylimidazole as an accelerator. The phenolic hydroxyl of VSB showed high reactivity toward the epoxy group of ESO with a curing activation energy of 108.9 kJ·mol–1. The network rigidness and cross-link density of the epoxy vitrimers are adjustable by simply changing the feed ratio of flexible ESO and rigid VSB, which enables us to tailor the mechanical properties of the vitrimers easily over a wide range from soft to tough and hard. The dynamic Schiff base bonds provide the epoxy vitrimer with excellent reprocessability, weldability, reconfigurability, and programmability, which facilitates the recycling and processing of the cured epoxy materials. With tunable mechanical properties, reprocessability, and multifunctionality, the ESO-derived epoxy vitrimers are of great potential as alternatives to traditional epoxy thermosets.
•Biobased epoxy vitrimer was synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil.•The mechanical property of the epoxy vitrimer can be tuned by its crosslink density.•The epoxy vitrimer showed excellent ...reprocessability and weldability.
Biobased polymers prepared from vegetable oils such as epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) cannot be reprocessed or recycled due to the permanent crosslink structure. Herein, we report ESO derived vitrimers (ESOVs) synthesized by catalyst-free curing of ESO with 4, 4′-dithiodiphenylamine (APD) as a curing agent. The crosslink density controlled by curing time affect the mechanical properties of ESOV strongly. The tensile strength increased and elongation at break decreased gradually with increasing crosslink density of ESOV. The dynamic disulfide linkages of APD imparted the ESOV with excellent reprocessability and weldability via network topology rearrangement as a result of exchange reaction of disulfide bonds. The mechanical properties, gel fraction and chemical structure of ESOV almost remained unchanged after repeatedly cutting and compression molding for several times. The mechanical properties of ESOV were also recovered completely when two broken parts of ESOV were welded together. This study provides a facile and promising strategy to design novel functional materials from sustainable vegetable oils.
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