The extended reality (XR) is one of the most widely used approaches for accessing the metaverse world. The metaverse and XR aim to blend the virtual and real parts, offering an immersive and ...interactive experience. Diminished reality (DR) is a subset of XR that specifically addresses the real-time occlusion, removal, and transparency of objects in the environment. As an immersive technology, DR has been utilized in academia and industry to tackle a wide range of engineering problems. However, there is a little investigative work about DR technique evaluations. In this survey, we categorize the state-of-the-art research into two major categories and six sub-categories, providing a novel perspective. We further analyze and evaluate the application effects and performance of these approaches from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives, considering the technical performance and user experience of DR techniques. Finally, we provide an overview of potential future directions for DR applications.
At present, the development of some oil and gas fields has gradually shifted from vertical to highly deviated wells. To improve the intensity of reservoir reconstruction, highly deviated wells mostly ...adopt staged fracturing for reservoir reconstruction. The fracture interference law of multiple fractures in highly deviated wells is not clear, and the fracture steering and stress interference problems in the fracturing process are obviously different from those in horizontal wells, resulting in a lack of a theoretical basis for fracture spacing design. Therefore, it is necessary to study the stresses induced by multiple fractures in highly deviated wells. To reproduce the spatial distribution of multiple fractures in highly deviated wells and analyze the changes in induced stress more accurately, a three-dimensional numerical model of the fracture-induced stress field in highly deviated wells was established based on the finite element method and elasticity theory, which can simulate a fracture-induced stress field under different angles of inclination. The results indicate that the key to mutual exclusion or proximity of the two fractures is whether the fractures overlap in the plane parallel to the fracture height direction. Based on the analysis of the control variables, the first fracturing fracture height is the key factor affecting the induced stress, and the fracturing fracture height has slight effect on the induced stress. As the angle of inclination increases, the probability of the two fractures overlapping in space increases and the critical distance from the induced tensile stress to the induced tensile stress decreases. The influence of the fracture half-length, net pressure, and stress difference on the induced stress is related to whether the spatial projection of the two fractures overlaps. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the optimal design of staged fracturing in highly deviated wells.
We evaluated the effects of different oxidation levels of lipids on protein degradation and biogenic amines (BAs) formation during Sichuan-style sausages processing. Lipids with varying degrees of ...oxidation were obtained through storage at different temperatures and added as raw materials of Sichuan-style sausages, followed by the analyses of lipid oxidation, protein degradation, biogenic amine content, and other indicators. During the processing, with increasing degree of lipid oxidation, the contents of peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), protein degradation index (PI), amino acid nitrogen (AAN), free amino acids (FAAs), and BAs increased. Based on the protein electrophoresis results, the higher the oxidation degree of pig backfat, the higher degree of sarcoplasmic protein oxidation, and the greater myofibril protein degradation. Pearson correlation revealed that lipid oxidation, protein degradation, and BAs content correlated significantly (P < 0.05).
•Lipids with varying oxidation were formed after treating 4 different temperatures.•The treated lipids have no microorganism.•Lipid oxidation is closely related to protein degradation and BA content.•The higher of lipid oxidation, the stronger of protein degradation and BA content.
Clove essential oil (CEO) exhibited potent antibacterial efficacy and are obtained from Eugenia caryophyllata tree flower buds. Herein, CEO nanoemulsions were prepared using various concentrations of ...casein protein treated with ultrasound for different time interval. The study demonstrated that CEO nanoemulsions with 5% casein protein subjected to ultrasound for 10 min displayed the most minimal particle size. The pullulan‑sodium alginate film incorporated with nanoemulsions treated with ultrasound exhibited enhanced physico-mechanical characteristics. Based on the structural analysis, the application of ultrasonic treatment improved intermolecular compatibility and organized molecular structure by strengthening hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, the composite film displayed remarkable efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus as well as longer retention of essential oils. The use of the developed films to protect cherry fruits and mushrooms produced promising results, emphasizing their potential in food packaging applications.
•CEO nanoemulsions exhibited small droplet size•A small CEO droplet increase film antimicrobial efficacy•CEO loaded nanoemulsion film exhibited enhanced physical characteristics•CEO loaded nanoemulsion film maintain the quality of cherries•CEO loaded nanoemulsion film maintain the quality of mushrooms
Sugars are renewable resources essential to human life, but they are rarely used as raw materials for the industrial production of carbon‐based materials, especially for the preparation of carbon ...fiber‐reinforced carbon‐matrix (C/C) composites, which are extremely useful for the semiconductor and aerospace sectors. Herein, a method utilizing sugar‐derived carbon to replace petrochemicals as dense matrix to preparing C/C composites is reported. The matrix from sugar‐derived C/C (S–C/C) composites has a nanocrystalline graphite structure that is highly thermally stable and effectively bonded to the carbon fibers. The mechanical properties of the S–C/C composite are comparable to those prepared from petrochemical sources; significantly, it exhibits a linear ablation rate of 0.03 mm s−1 after 200 s of ablation at 3000 °C in 10 MW m−2 heat flux. This new class of S–C/C is promising for use in a broad range of fields, ranging from semiconductor to aerospace.
Utilizing sugar‐derived carbon as a dense matrix to replace petrochemicals preparing C/C composites, and this matrix exhibit a nanocrystalline graphite structure with excellent thermal stability. Sugar‐derived carbon matrix C/C composite show excellent ablative resistance at 3000 °C and 10 MW m−2 heat flux. In addition, the S–C/C is suitabile for the preparation of a large and complex shaped thermal protection component.
Analyzing the simultaneous propagation of multiple fractures in horizontal wells is a challenging task. Although many fracture propagation models exist, the primary controlling factors are unclear. A ...fast and relatively accurate optimization method is urgently needed. In this study, a semi-analytical model of fracture propagation is established that couples stress interaction with fracture propagation using the energy balance principle, which can run a complete simulation process within 10 seconds. The simulation results show that the pumping rate, perforation cluster number, and fracturing fluid viscosity are the primary factors controlling fracture propagation. For two areas with different elastic modulus, the process of parameter optimization is analyzed. The reservoir with an elastic modulus of 10 MPa has an optimal perforation cluster number of 5, while the reservoir with an elastic modulus of 35 MPa has an optimal perforation cluster number of 8. The results show that the area with larger elastic modulus need to set a larger number of clusters, while the area with smaller elastic modulus have a smaller number of perforation clusters. This work aims to provide a practical and simple workflow for optimizing the fracture design of fractured horizontal wells.
Due to the low level of industrialization of traditional fermented food in china, people rely a lot on experience and knowledge in the production process, resulting in unstable product quality and a ...series of toxic substances that could affect food safety and may endanger human health. In order to reduce the content of toxic substances during the traditional fermented food processing, it is necessary to study the brief mechanism of its formation. This article briefly analyzes the formation mechanisms of six most representative toxic substances, which are biogenic amines, nitrosamines, ethyl carbamate, acrylamide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heterocyclic aromatic amines during the traditional fermented food processing. It is believed that this article will provide a theoretical basis for controlling these toxic substances in actual production, further giving a better quality and safety to the traditional fermented foods.
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